Methods of linking sentences in the text. Relationship of words in sentences

Text - a collection of sentences, related to each other in meaning and grammatically. Consecutive presentation and transfer of the main idea with the help of specific terms, speech figures and turns allow achieving unity of style. The methods of connection of sentences in the text ensure the continuous conduct of thought without disturbing its structure.

Text structure

The composition of the text, as a rule, consists of three parts: the introduction, the main narrative, the conclusion. In Russian, you can select several types of texts depending on the structure.

1. Linear - a consistent narrative of facts or events.
2. Step - the text is divided into parts, which gradually replace each other, without violating the semantic integrity.
3. Concentric - the transition from one thought to another with a return to the ideas already expressed.
4. Parallel - the method of comparing one event to another.
5. Discrete - a narrative with a deliberate omission of individual details to create intrigue.
6. Ring - the reader's return at the end of the text to the idea already expressed in the beginning for rethinking the information after full familiarization with the topic.
7. Contrast - used to contrast different parts of the text.

Using the link between sentences in the text, paragraphs are built. They are separated in meaning and syntactically. Each paragraph has its own small theme, it has logic and completeness.

Composition of the text in different styles of speech

Depending on the style, the structure of the text may differ. For example, the authors of works of art rarely adhere to a strict gradation. Artistic style allows the violation of cause-effect and space-time relationships. The composition is based only on the ideological construction of the work.

Texts in a scientific, journalistic or business style are usually performed according to plan. For example, when using the "reasoning" type of speech, it is necessary to structure it clearly in parts, containing the thesis, proof and conclusion.

The sentence is a unit of text

The paragraphs of the text are sentences. They contain a complete judgment, which is facilitated by the semantic, grammatical and syntactic connection of words in the sentence. The syntactic connection depends on the order and meaning of the words in the sentence structure. The grammatical relationship is provided by the use of unions, pronouns and changes in the forms of the word. Semantic rules make sense, as well as the use of intonation.

Usually sentences are phrases, in words of which there are special connections.

Types of word association in the phrase

Words in the phrase can enter into a coherent or subordinate relationship. Relations between members of the phrase, in which one word depends on another, creates certain grammatical requirements. The dependent word must coincide with the mutable morphological features of the main word, that is, be combined with it in time, number, gender and case.

The subordinate connection, in which the dependent word takes over the form of the main word, describes the type of "coordination" management. Words are used in a single number, case or gender. For example: a beautiful flower, a little girl, a green ball. There is also an incomplete form of coordination, when words refer to different kinds: my doctor, a conscientious secretary. Most often, a noun and a full adjective (participle), a pronoun, a numeral, enter into agreement.

Control expresses the relationship of action with the object, that is, shows its focus. As a dependent word is usually a noun or part of speech that can replace it (adjective, participle). The main word in the phrase is a verb, an adverb or a noun. For example: read a newspaper, a variety of meat, alone with his father.

Adjunction is determined only by semantics. By the type of contiguity, word-combinations from the infinitive, adverbial participle or adverb are formed, nouns are often used. For example: sing beautifully, want to eat, very beautiful.

Writing of words in a sentence

The series of words in the sentence can be related only in meaning and grammatically, while they do not depend on the mutable signs of each other. Words that come into this relationship become homogeneous or heterogeneous in the sentence. At the same time, unions of connecting, oppositional and separative values can be used. The unionless series are connected only by intonation.

Any part of speech can enter into a communication. Most often in the sentence, independent series are grammatically related to one word. In this case, each of the words can have a number and spread.

Syntactic ways of linking words in a sentence

The sentence is a more complex unit of the syntax of the Russian language, and the relationship between words in the sentence arises more branched. The proposal has a grammatical basis and can be disseminated by secondary members. The relationship between the subject and the predicate is a characteristic difference between the sentence and the phrase: the predicative relations between the words that are included in the combination can not arise.

The connection that arises between the main members of a sentence is:

• Equal - the words change simultaneously, adjusting to each other, which is called coordination. (Autumn is rainy);
• Not expressed - words are not likened to each other, what they call their juxtaposition. (Father at work);
• Double - the nominal part of the compound predicate applies to the name / pronoun (subject), and to its verbal part. (My sister returned from school tired).

The secondary members of the sentence enter into a subordinate relationship with the grammatical basis, forming word combinations.

Proposals that have two or more grammatical bases are called complex. Between their parts can arise equal rights or subordinates. Communication in complex sentences is carried out through the use of unions and in meaning.

The connection of words in complex sentences

Complex complex (SSP) sentences are characterized by equality and simultaneity of the description of the events taking place. Parts of such a proposal do not depend on each other and can exist separately, like two simple ones, without losing the semantic load. Two grammatical foundations (with or without secondary members) are combined with the help of creative unions. There are three main groups: dividing, connecting and opposing. The name of each group explains how the two parts of the complex sentence are related in a semantic way.

The non-union proposal (BSP) also refers to a songwriting relationship. Different grammatical bases are divided by punctuation, intonation and meaning.

The methods of subordinate communication in the sentence are expressed not only in word combinations. The next kind of complex sentence is built on the subordination of one or more parts of the other. A complex sentence (SPP) is formed with the help of alliances and allied words having different semantic loads. Depending on their significance, the types of subordinate clauses (causes, times, places, conditions, etc.) are singled out.

Often, especially in the artistic and journalistic style, there are SPP with several clauses. In these cases, there is a different subordinate relationship:

• Consistent - the proposals depend on each other on the principle of "chain": the second part from the first, the third from the second, and so on;
• Parallel - to one part are different types of subordinate;
• Homogeneous - to the main part are several similar subordinate clauses.

Complex syntactic constructions can simultaneously combine a coherent connection (in the form of a BSC and a BSP) and a subordinate one.

Relationship of offers

The methods of linking sentences in the text are divided into two main ones: sequential and parallel. Consistent narration is characterized by a gradual and logical development of the basic idea. The content of the previous sentence becomes the basis for the new one and so on the chain. As a means of linking sentences, in this case, can act as a synonym, union, pronoun, associative and semantic correspondence.

The parallel link between sentences is based on comparison or opposition. Most texts using parallel communication are characterized by the use of one sentence as "data" for the development and concretization of the idea. To achieve parallelism, appropriate syntactic, lexical and morphological ways of linking sentences in the text are used.

Lexical methods of communication of sentences

The authors resort to the use of lexical communication in the creation of both a consistent and parallel narrative. In this case, as a means of linking sentences, use the following methods.

1. Lexical repetitions - are the use of words and their forms, key combinations.
2. Words belonging to one thematic group.
3. Synonyms and synonymous replacements.
4. Antonyms.
5. Words and their combinations in the meaning of a logical connection (therefore, that is why, in conclusion, etc.).

The use of lexical means of communication offers is inherent in a consistent narrative.

Morphological methods of communication of sentences

Means of morphological communication are based on the use of different parts of speech, which are able to match one or more sentences. The effect is achievable only if the correct sequence of words is observed.

Morphological ways of communication between sentences are classified in the following way.

1. Allied words, conjunctions and particles used at the beginning of the sentence.
2. Personal and demonstrative pronouns, by which words from previous sentences are replaced.
3. Adverbs of the place, time, related in meaning to several sentences of the text.
4. Use of uniform temporal forms in verbal predicates.
5. Degrees of comparison of adverbs and adjectives related to the previous sentence.

Application is appropriate both in parallelism and in consistent narrative.

Syntactic methods of connection of sentences

The syntactic connection of sentences in the text is achieved through the deliberate use of one of the techniques:

• Syntactic parallelism (a similar order of words and morphological design);
• The withdrawal from the construction proposal and its design as an independent unit of text;
• Use of an incomplete sentence ;
• Application of introductory constructions, appeals, rhetorical questions, etc .;
• Inversion and direct order of words.

The syntactic connection of sentences is characteristic for different styles. Of course, more diverse and bizarre forms can be seen only in fiction or journalism.

The described ways of linking sentences in the text are not the only possible ones. It all depends on the style of the text and the idea of the author. Artistic texts do not have clear boundaries - they can meet the most diverse of all possible communication options. Scientific and official business papers contain texts that are more clear and structured, meeting all the requirements of logical and spatio-temporal relations.