Market resources. Types and structure of markets. Supply and demand

With the historical development of the production of goods and services, markets that have traveled a difficult path from traditional bazaars to modern structures characterized by computer equipment and high electronic technologies were created. , а также рассмотрены отдельные категории рыночных структур в соответствии с современными стандартами. In this article, the concept, functions and types of the market are studied in detail, and certain categories of market structures are considered in accordance with modern standards.

The essence of the market

Today, the concept of the market should be understood as a highly organized system of economic relations between various subjects of the economy: households, all kinds of organizations (of course, in this case, the most important companies are on the forefront) and, naturally, the state (including supranational agencies) . The state mainly performs the guiding and regulating role in the organization of the common system. These relations are based on the sale and purchase of goods and services in the field of circulation. In addition, the modern market is also defined as an instrument for realizing such relations in full compliance with the laws on the production of goods and circulation of funds.

, соответствующее тому или иному элементу рассмотренной ниже классификации. The market structure to date is highly organized, in addition, it involves the qualitative management of resources , corresponding to one or another element of the classification below. So, the market structure includes sellers and buyers of the goods, producers and, of course, its consumers. The interaction of the categories presented always leads to the formation of market prices. развивают свою деятельность и для того, чтобы цены данной категории соответствовали международным стандартам и позволяли национальной экономике полноценно развиваться. For example, participants in the foreign exchange market develop their activities and in order that prices of this category meet international standards and allow the national economy to fully develop.

Market Infrastructure

. It is important to note that the market is endowed with its own infrastructure, which should be understood as an organized set of organizations and institutions of state or commercial nature that ensure the full and high-quality functioning of market relations, as well as competent resource management . The key elements of the market infrastructure are the following elements:

• Commercial network.
• Customs system.
• Tax system.
• National Bank of any country, as well as commercial structures.
• Exchange.

The concept of market infrastructure can be viewed as a system of organizations and institutions, which fully ensures the movement of goods and services on the market in a free manner. This is a kind of complex of institutions and types of management that form the conditions of an organizational and economic nature in order for the market to be able to function normally. The conditions of successful functioning, as noted above, are created by the participants in the economic process, including organizations and enterprises of state or commercial nature, as well as various services.

The infrastructure of the market is endowed with the appropriate organizational basis, which is made up of supply-marketing, brokerage and other intermediary organizations, as well as firms of large-scale enterprises, naturally endowed with commercial character. It is important to supplement that the material base in this case is formed from such elements as the transport system (or several of them), warehousing and storage facilities, the information system, as well as the communication system.

The objective of existence and activity of market infrastructure participants is to facilitate the work of commodity exchange transactions, control over them (both economically and legally), increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the process of their implementation, and provide information support. Typically, it is the type and type of the market that determines the specific configuration of the infrastructure.

Market Functions

, к примеру) изучена, целесообразным является определение функций, которые выполняет данная категория. When the structure of the market (finance , for example) is studied, it is expedient to define the functions that this category performs. So, they are indicated, as a rule, in accordance with the tasks facing the market. What to produce? How and for whom? To answer these questions, the market performs the following functions:

• и потреблением. The regulating function allows to provide constant communications between various branches of industrial activity, demand (depending on which the resources of the market vary ) and consumption. This function clearly establishes economic proportions, as well as ensures continuity in the process of recreating production.
• The pricing function is responsible for the formation of the market price, depending on the demand for a particular product. , которые и зависят от спроса. It should be noted that there are certain supply factors that depend on demand. The price is established in the process of interaction between producers and consumers, as well as supply and demand for the product.
• Intermediary function causes the market to act as an intermediary between the producer and the consumer. In this case, it is possible to find the most beneficial alternative to buying and selling. могут беспрепятственно найти друг друга, ведь для этого созданы все условия. For example, today the participants of the foreign exchange market can freely find each other, because all conditions are created for this.

What else?

In addition to the above functions, the market also performs additional:

• , необходимые всем субъектам хозяйствования. The information function considers the system as the richest source providing information resources of the market , necessary for all business entities. So, continuously changing prices give objective information about the right quantity, assortment and quality of economic benefits. The market, like a huge computer, collects into one set, qualitatively processes and provides competent information within the given economic territory.
• Sanning function argues "natural selection", produced by the market mechanism among the subjects of economic activity. , убирает экономически слабые производства и достойно поощряет мощные. So, the market tracks supply factors , removes economically weak production and adequately encourages powerful ones.
• The stimulating function argues for encouraging the most rational users of the factors of production (they are the ones who come to worthy performance results). As a rule, these economic entities use innovative achievements of science, technology, organization and, of course, management. будет иметь место только в том случае, если произойдет внедрение новых технологий касательно всех аспектов деятельности. For example, the development of the resource market will only take place if new technologies are introduced with respect to all aspects of activities.
• Creative-destructive function causes the provision of a dynamic change in economic proportions between industries or regions. The market uniquely explodes the outdated economic structure and gradually forms a new one.

Elements of the market

As it turned out, for the successful functioning of the market it is necessary to fulfill three conditions: the existence of property of a private nature, free prices and, of course, healthy competition. . Between economic entities (namely, sellers and buyers), sales and purchase relationships develop, with which the market resources are directly related. So, the main elements should be attributed supply, demand and, of course, the price of the product. The fact is that the first two are effectively balanced by the third element. If the demand grows and the supply remains unchanged, the price will also increase. ). But if the demand falls, the price (let's say, for the resources of the market ) will decrease. With the growth of supply and the invariability of demand, the price will fall (and vice versa).

Classification of markets

In the economy there is an incredible number of types of the market. So, it is expedient to group them according to various criteria: territorial aspect, economic purpose and so on. So, in terms of spatial coverage, markets are divided into world, national and local. Depending on the degree of competition, the following structures are distinguished:

• The market of perfect competition includes a huge number of sellers, who operate independently of each other, and the corresponding number of buyers. In this case, the price range for transactions is very wide, and the participants in the process have equal rights and opportunities.
• Oligopoly is distinguished by a small number of sellers and the interdependence of producers. In this case, a separate economic entity is able to predict the competitors' response to changing market conditions.
• A pure monopoly assumes that there is only one seller of a certain commodity on the market. So, the manufacturer without fear can dictate its terms of the deal - and they will certainly agree to them.

It is not advisable to list all the classifications, but it should be noted that the markets are divided according to the object of purchase and sale, in accordance with which the financial, commodity and raw materials markets, labor markets, land and real estate are singled out. They are discussed in detail in later chapters.

The labor market and its role in society

The labor market should be understood not only as a set of relations in terms of recruitment and employment of labor, but also a historically emerging mechanism that regulates a specific range of social and labor contacts that establish and then maintain a balance of interests between workers, entrepreneurs and, of course, the state . This mechanism covers a wide range of factors (economic, legal, psychological, social). They determine the functioning of the labor market. , известные сегодня, сформированы из-за неравного состояния данных факторов в разных странах. It is important to note that labor market models , known today, are formed because of the unequal state of these factors in different countries. It depends on the historical and economic conditions of functioning of a market economy in a particular country. For example, in the US the economy is developing rapidly and productively, and, say, in India things are much worse. : In the modern economy, the following labor market models are distinguished:

• Competitive market.
• Monopolistic.
• The labor market, in which trade unions take part.
• Two-sided monopoly.

Financial market

The global financial market is nothing more than a set of national and international markets. It provides direction, accumulation, as well as redistribution of funds between market entities. These mechanisms occur through specialized financial institutions. подвергаются вышеперечисленным операциям главным образом с целью достижения хорошего соотношения между спросом и предложением капитала. The financial resources of the financial market are subject to the above transactions primarily to achieve a good balance between supply and demand of capital. In this case, the key object of purchase and sale are financial resources. It is important to note that classification of the main structure into separate elements is also appropriate here: monetary, credit, currency, insurance, mortgage markets, securities markets, investments, and so on. . It is on this classification that the structure of the financial market is based. The market in question performs a number of functions, the main among which are the following items:

• Redistribution of capital assets.
• The economy in terms of costs arising in the process of treatment.
• Acceleration of concentration of capital.
• Intertemporal trade, which allows to significantly reduce the costs of the cycles of the economy.
• Promoting continuous reproduction.

Natural Resources Market

Natural resources should be understood as a set of conditions of nature, the use of which in the process of creating goods, services or spiritual values is considered possible. The market of non-renewable natural resources (its restoration after full-fledged use is impossible or impractical) is characterized by the following features:

• Limited resource potential.
• The owners of resources in the forces effectively affect economic processes.
• Such resources in any case are effective for the owner (regardless of whether they will be applied).

возобновляемого характера определяется основой теории рынка земли. The market for renewable natural resources is determined by the basis of the theory of the land market. Thus, the following provisions correspond to renewable resources:

• Complete safety in relation to fertility and a high level of land productivity.
• Closely related to both natural-climatic and soil-biological factors.
• Economic processes in agriculture are interwoven with natural processes.
• A long cycle of agricultural production is appropriate.
• Small or medium-sized firms dominate and so on.

The above features create economic relations of a special type with respect to the ownership and use of land, which generate land rents. What is it? Land rent is nothing more than the income received by the owner of land resources. This is like an economic form of realizing land ownership.

Other types of markets

As it turned out, a significant number of markets are allocated depending on the object of sale and many other factors. Some of them are considered in the most detailed way above. But what other structures play an important role in the economic and social life of any country? After all, the prosperity of public life depends on them.

представляет собой совокупность элементов, применяемых для производства экономических благ. The market of economic resources is a set of elements used to produce economic benefits. This is a special component of market relations, because it includes the labor market, the capital market and the land market (these types of market structures have been studied in detail in previous chapters). The functions performed by the market of economic resources are very diverse, but the following should be emphasized: firstly, this structure qualitatively stimulates the desire of companies to improve in terms of production methods through the use of cheaper resources (everyone knows that they are limited); Secondly, the market allows the subjects of the economy to independently determine the consumers of the goods or services generated by them, because it is the payment for economic resources - often the basic income of the population.

In the economy, many additional structures are distinguished, which are relatively small in scale. . A vivid example of this is the electricity market . This system is one of the most complex (and not only in the territory of the Russian Federation), because electricity is unique in its properties of goods. Its main feature is the impossibility of accumulation and subsequent storage. This fact fully explains the possibility of the functioning of any energy system only if the balance between supply and demand is continuously maintained.

The Russian electricity and capacity market is a two-tier system that includes wholesale and retail markets. The subjects of the first are generating companies, marketing companies, network type organizations, and also powerful consumers. It is necessary to supplement that sales organizations can be both sellers and buyers of electricity and capacity. But in order to acquire the status of a participant in this market, the firm must fully comply with the requirements of the Rules for the wholesale electricity and capacity market, as well as the Agreement on accession to the wholesale market trading system.

In conclusion, it should be noted that nine large electricity exchanges are successfully developing in the European Union today. And in relation to all, trade is carried out, as in relation to Russia, on the DAM, and on some of them there are intraday, balancing and futures markets.