Life and work of Dostoevsky

In this article we will describe the life and work of Dostoevsky: briefly tell you about the most important events. Fyodor Mikhailovich was born on October 30 (in the old style - 11) in 1821. An essay on Dostoevsky's work will acquaint you with the main works and achievements of this man in the literary field. But we will start from the very beginning - from the origin of the future writer, from his biography.

The problems of Dostoevsky's creative work can be deeply understood only by getting acquainted with the life of this person. After all, fiction always reflects in one way or another the features of the biography of the creator of works. In the case of Dostoevsky, this is particularly noticeable.

The Origin of Dostoevsky

Father Fyodor Mikhailovich was born from the Rtishchev branch, descendants of Rtishchev Daniil Ivanovich, defender of the Orthodox faith in Southwest Russia. He was granted special success for the village of Dostoevo, located in the Podolsky province. The name of Dostoevsky originates from there.

However, by the beginning of the 19th century the Dostoevsky family was impoverished. Andrei Mikhailovich, the writer's grandfather, served in the Podolsk province, in the town of Bratslav, archpriest. Mikhail Andreevich, the father of the author of interest to us, graduated from the Medico-Surgical Academy in his time. During the Patriotic War, in 1812, he fought alongside others against the French, after which, in 1819, he married Nechaeva, Maria Feodorovna, the daughter of a merchant from Moscow. Mikhail Andreevich, having retired, received the post of doctor in the Mariinsky hospital, open to poor people, who was nicknamed by the people as Bozhedomka.

Where was Fyodor Mikhailovich born?

The apartment of the family of the future writer was in the right wing of this hospital. In him, assigned to the official apartment of the doctor, and born in 1821, Fyodor Mikhailovich. His mother, as we have already mentioned, came from a kind of merchants. Pictures of premature deaths, poverty, illness, disorder - the first impressions of the boy, under the influence of which a look at the world of the future writer took shape, very unusual. Dostoevsky's work reflects this.

The situation in the family of the future writer

Growing over time to 9 people, the family was forced to huddle in only two rooms. Mikhail Andreevich was a suspicious and quick-tempered man.

Maria Fyodorovna was a completely different warehouse: economic, cheerful, kind. Between the boy's parents the relationship was built on submission to the whims and will of the father. Nanny and mother of the future writer honored the religious traditions of the country, educating in respect for the faith of the fathers the future generation. Maria Feodorovna died early - at the age of 36. She was buried at the Lazarevsky cemetery.

The first acquaintance with the literature

Education and sciences have spent a lot of time in the Dostoevsky family. Even at an early age Fyodor Mikhailovich discovered the joy of communicating with the book. The very first works with which he met - folk tales of Arina Arkhipovna, nannies. After that, Pushkin and Zhukovsky were favorite writers of Maria Feodorovna.

Fyodor Mikhailovich at an early age became acquainted with the main classics of foreign literature: Hugo, Cervantes and Homer. His father in the evenings arranged a family reading of the work of N. M. Karamzin "The History of the Russian State." All this instilled in the future writer an early interest in literature. The life and work of F. Dostoyevsky largely formed under the influence of the environment, where this writer came from.

Mikhail Andreevich achieves hereditary nobility

Mikhail Andreevich in 1827 for his diligent and excellent service was awarded the Order of the third degree of St. Anne, and a year later was also awarded the rank of collegiate assessor, who at that time gave the right to a man for the hereditary nobility. The father of the future writer was well aware of the value of higher education and therefore strived to prepare seriously for the admission of his children to educational institutions.

The tragedy of Dostoevsky's childhood

The future writer in his youth experienced a tragedy that left an indelible mark on his soul for the rest of his life. He loved the child's sincere feeling of the daughter of a cook, a nine-year-old girl. Once on a summer day there was a cry in the garden. Fyodor ran out into the street and noticed her, lying in a white torn dress on the ground. The girl was bent over by the women. From the conversation, Fyodor realized that the drunken tramp had become the culprit of the tragedy. After that, they went for their father, but he did not need any help, since the girl had already passed away.

Education writer

Fyodor Mikhailovich received his primary education in a private boarding school in Moscow. In 1838 he entered the Main Engineering School in St. Petersburg. He graduated in 1843, becoming a military engineer.

In those years, this school was considered one of the best in the country's educational institutions. It was not by chance that many famous people came out. Among Dostoevsky's comrades in college there were many talents, who later turned into famous personalities. This is Dmitry Grigorovich (writer), Konstantin Trutovsky (artist), Ilya Sechenov (physiologist), Eduard Totleben (organizer of the defense of Sevastopol), Fedor Radetsky (hero Shipka). Both humanitarian and special subjects were taught here. For example, world and domestic history, Russian literature, drawing and civil architecture.

The tragedy of the "little man"

Dostoevsky preferred solitude to the noisy society of students. Reading was his favorite pastime. The reading of the future writer was amazing for his comrades. But the desire for solitude and solitude in his character was not an inborn trait. In the school Fedor Mikhailovich had to endure the tragedy of the soul of the so-called "little man". After all, in this educational institution, students were mostly children of bureaucratic and military bureaucracy. Parents gave them teachers, not sparing money. In this environment, Dostoevsky looked alien, often subjected to insults and ridicule. In his soul, during these years, a feeling of wounded pride flared up, which subsequently reflected Dostoevsky's work.

But, despite these difficulties, Fedor Mikhailovich managed to achieve recognition of both comrades and teachers. All became convinced over time that this man is an extraordinary mind and outstanding abilities.

Death of the father

In 1839, on July 8, Fyodor Mikhailovich's father suddenly died from an apoplexy . There were rumors that it was not a natural death - he was killed for the cool temper of the peasants. The news shocked Dostoevsky, and with him the first seizure occurred, a harbinger of future epilepsy, from which Fyodor Mikhailovich suffered all his life.

Service in the position of engineer, first works

Dostoevsky in 1843, after completing the course, was enlisted in the engineering corps for service under the engineering team of St. Petersburg, but did not last long there. A year later, he decided to do literary work, a passion for which he had experienced for a long time. At first he began to translate classics, for example Balzac. After a while, the novel was conceived in letters called "Poor People". This was the first independent work from which Dostoevsky's work begins. Then there were stories and stories: "Mr. Prokharchin", "Double", "Netochka Nezvanova", "White Nights".

Rapprochement with a circle of Petrashevists, tragic consequences

1847 marked a rapprochement with Butashevich-Petrashevsky, who spent the famous "Fridays". He was a propagandist and admirer of Fourier. At these evenings the writer got acquainted with the poets Apollon Maykov, Alexei Pleshcheyev, Alexander Palm, Sergei Durov, as well as prose writer Saltykov and scientists Vladimir Milyutin and Nikolai Mordvinov. The meetings of the Petrashevists discussed socialist doctrines, plans for revolutionary upheavals. Dostoevsky was a supporter of the immediate abolition of serfdom in Russia.

However, the government learned about the circle, and in 1849, 37 participants, including Dostoevsky, were imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. They were sentenced to death, but the emperor softened the sentence, and the writer was exiled to hard labor in Siberia.

In Tobolsk, on penal servitude

He went to Tobolsk in a terrible frost on open sledges. Here the wives of the Decembrists, Annenkov and Fonvizin, visited the Petrashevists. The feat of these women was admired by the whole country. They presented each person sentenced according to the Gospel, in which money was invested. The fact is that the prisoners were not allowed to have their savings, so this has softened for some time the harsh living conditions.

In hard labor, the writer realized how far the rationalistic, speculative ideas of the "new Christianity" are from the feelings of Christ, the bearer of which is the people. Fyodor Mikhailovich, from here, issued a new "symbol of faith." The basis of it is the national type of Christianity. Subsequently, this reflected the further work of Dostoevsky, which we will tell you about later.

Military service in Omsk

For the writer, four-year-old penal servitude was replaced after some time by military service. He was escorted from Omsk under escort to the city of Semipalatinsk. Here Dostoevsky's life and work continued. The writer served in the rank of private, and then received the rank of officer. He returned to St. Petersburg only at the end of 1859.

Publishing of magazines

At that time, the spiritual search of Fyodor Mikhailovich began, which in the sixties ended with the formation of the author's poetical persuasions. Biography and creativity of Dostoevsky at this time are marked by the following events. Since 1861 the writer, together with Mikhail, his brother, began to publish a magazine called "Time", and after its prohibition - "Epoch". Working on new books and magazines, Fyodor Mikhailovich developed his view on the tasks of a public figure and writer in our country - a Russian, a peculiar version of Christian socialism.

The first works of the writer after hard labor

Life and work of Dostoevsky after Tobolsk have changed a lot. In 1861, the first novel of this writer appeared, which he created after hard labor. In this work ("The Insulted and Injured") reflected the sympathy of Fyodor Mikhailovich to "little people" who are subjected to constant humiliation on the part of the powerful of this world. The "Notes from the Dead House" (the years of creation - 1861-1863), which were started by the writer on hard labor, also acquired great public significance. In the magazine "Time" in 1863 appeared "Winter notes on summer impressions." In them, Fyodor Mikhailovich criticized the system of Western European political convictions. In 1864, "Notes from the Underground" were published . This is a kind of confession of Fyodor Mikhailovich. In the work he renounced his former ideals.

Further work of Dostoevsky

Briefly describe other works of this writer. In 1866, a novel entitled "Crime and Punishment" appeared, which is considered one of the most significant in his work. In 1868 came out "The Idiot," a novel where an attempt was made to create a positive hero who opposes predatory, cruel world. In the 70 years of creativity FM. Dostoevsky continues. Famous novels such as "The Possessed" (the year of publication - 1871) and "Teenager", which appeared in 1879, became widely known. "The Brothers Karamazov" is a novel that became the last work. He summed up Dostoevsky's work. The years of the novel's release are 1879-1880. In this work, the protagonist, Alyosha Karamazov, helping others in trouble and alleviating suffering, is convinced that the most important thing in our life is a sense of forgiveness and love. In 1881, on February 9, Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich died in Petersburg.

Life and work of Dostoevsky were briefly described in our article. It is impossible not to say that the writer was always interested most of all the problem of man. Let's write about this important feature, which was Dostoevsky's work, briefly.

Man in the writer's work

Fyodor Mikhailovich throughout his creative career pondered the main problem of mankind - how to overcome pride, which is the main source of people's separation. Of course, there are other themes of Dostoevsky's work, but it is based largely on this one. The writer believed that any of us has the ability to create. And he must do this, while he lives, it is necessary to express oneself. The writer devoted his whole life to the theme of Man. Biography and creativity of Dostoevsky confirm this.