Law on Fire Safety. Fire safety systems. Fire safety is ...

Fires cause great damage. In many cases, they are accompanied not only by the destruction of buildings, equipment, utilities, but also by the death of people. In connection with this, fire safety has become topical today. At the governmental level, the normative acts regulating this sphere have been adopted. Next, let us take a closer look at what fire safety of premises is, and what protection measures must be taken to prevent and eliminate fires.

General information

The purpose of fire protection is the search for the most effective and economically feasible and technically sound means and methods for preventing fires and their elimination. The main task is to minimize damage with the most rational use of forces and methods of extinguishing. Fire safety - this is the state of the object, in which, first of all, the probability of ignition is excluded. In the event of its occurrence, the necessary measures are envisaged within the framework of the defense. The main objective pursued by fire safety is the elimination of the negative impact of hazardous ignition factors on people, material values and structures.

Normative base

The main legal act regulating the procedure, in accordance with which fire safety is established, is Federal Law No. 69. Legal regulation in this area is the adoption by the competent authorities of the relevant documents, the action of which is directed at the management of public relations relating to the provision of protection. The development of normative acts by the executive bodies is carried out in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. The subjects of the country have the right to create and approve within the limits of their competence documents whose provisions are aimed at ensuring and strengthening the protection of objects from fires. Any order or order on fire safety must comply with general federal requirements.

Development and implementation of measures

The Law on Fire Safety establishes certain requirements for protective measures. The development of measures is carried out in accordance with the regulatory framework in force in the country, as well as on the basis of experience in combating the effects of fires, assessing the state of materials, substances, products, technological processes, structures, buildings and structures. The law "On Fire Safety" requires suppliers (manufacturers) to maintain appropriate technical documentation for products. In it, besides the description, there should be an instruction for use. In the technical characteristics of products it is necessary to indicate the fire safety class of the product. This is necessary to choose the method of processing and transporting the products.

Competent authorities, when developing fire safety systems for facilities, should provide solutions through which people will be evacuated. This task should be implemented at the design stage. For all enterprises and institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, a fire safety plan must be developed. It should, among other things, include measures to ensure the protection of personnel and the population of nearby areas. Fire safety systems must be approved by state and local authorities.

Provision of fire protection in the enterprise

Fire safety is one of the main characteristics of an object. Based on it, the level of protection is assessed, as well as the effectiveness of the measures envisaged. To ensure protection, the territory of the enterprise, base, warehouse should be kept clean. After completion of the work, the area must be cleaned of combustible garbage, waste, packaging and other material that can create a fire hazard. It must be systematically disposed of, taken to specially designated places.

The fire safety plan should provide free access to all structures, buildings, structural elements. Approach and travel to water sources should always be open. On the territory of the enterprise at night, lighting should work. It is forbidden to build bonfires, burn waste, packaging materials and containers within the enterprise. Administrative, warehousing, production, commercial and other premises should be provided with primary fire fighting equipment in accordance with existing standards. Smoking is prohibited in the warehouse and commercial premises. For this, special places must be provided. Devices for the protection of door and technological openings in the interfloor and internal walls must be in working order.

When crossing fire barriers by different communications, the products of combustion should not penetrate the gaps between the building structures. External ladders and fences on the roofs of structures should be in good order. Storage of wiping material is carried out in special metal boxes with closed lids. After performing the necessary work, the container should be freed from rags. Overalls of employees using paints, varnishes, oils must be kept in metal cabinets, which must be installed in special places. Local regulations should establish the procedure in accordance with which the fire safety audit is conducted.

Categories of objects

According to SNIP, the production is divided into 6 groups in explosion, explosion and fire hazard:

• A - the enterprises using combustible gases, the lower level of ignition of which is up to 10%. At the same time, such substances can form explosive compounds in the volume of more than 5% of the room volume. Category A also includes enterprises that use gases and liquids that are capable of burning and exploding when interacting with oxygen, water, or with each other.
• B - production, which uses gases with a lower ignition level of more than 10%. This category also includes enterprises where flammable fibers and dust with a lower concentration limit of ignition of 65 g / m ³ and less.
• B - production, where flammable liquids with an ignition temperature of more than 610 degrees are used. This category includes enterprises that use solid materials that are capable of burning without exploding in contact with water, air or with each other.
• D - production, where non-combustible materials and compounds are used in a molten, hot or hot state, as well as gases, solids and liquids acting as a fuel.
• D - the enterprises on which processing of non-combustible substances and raw materials in a cold condition is carried out.
• E - production, where explosive substances are used in an amount of more than 5% of the room volume and where, according to the conditions of the technological process, only an explosion without combustion can occur. This category also includes enterprises that use compounds that can explode with oxygen, water, or with each other.

Zone Categories

In accordance with the PUE, which regulates the installation of electrical equipment in industrial areas and in outdoor installations, the main criterion is the fire safety class. For today, several categories of zones are accepted. In particular, they distinguish:

• Class B. This category includes areas where explosive gas and vapor compounds can form with air under normal operating conditions.
• Class B-1a. In such zones, explosive connections are not formed under normal operating conditions, but this is possible with malfunctions and accidents.
• Fire Safety Class B-1b. It includes the areas where flammable vapors and gases with an increased lower level of ignition and a pungent odor, as well as production in which explosive compounds can be formed, whose volume is more than 5% of the shop volume.
• Class B-1c. To it carry external installations where there are explosive liquids, steams and gases.
• Class B-2. In the zones of this category, processing of combustible fibers and dust, capable of forming explosive compounds under normal operating conditions, is carried out.
• Class B-2a. It includes zones in which flammable fibers and dust can form explosive compounds in the event of a malfunction or accident.
• Class P-1. This category includes the production of flammable liquids.
• Class P-2. There are combustible dusts in the factories, the lower concentration limit of which is more than 65 g / m3.
• Class P-2a. This category includes production in which flammable substances are present in the solid state, which are not able to pass into the suspended state.
• Class P-3. This category includes installations where flammable liquid and solid compounds are contained.

Fire safety during the New Year holidays

Halls in which mass events are held should not be higher than the second floor and have 2 exits. According to the rules, according to which fire safety in the garden, school, other institution should be provided, it is necessary to place extinguishing agents in accessible places. The Christmas tree should be placed on a stable stand. It is placed away from the appliances of heating and exits. Branches should not touch curtains, curtains and other flammable materials.

The order in accordance with which fire safety is ensured in the pre school, school and other children's establishments allows the use of factory-made electrogarlands for decoration. All costumes, cotton wool, gauze toys must be treated with flame retardant. To make it, take 150 g of soda and 50 g of starch and dissolve in warm water (1 liter). The clothes and toys are soaked in it for 10 minutes, then dried.

The order in accordance with which fire safety is provided in the DOW, school and other children's institutions prohibits the use of combustible materials for the manufacture of Christmas decorations. It is not allowed to use fireworks, Bengal lights, candles, firecrackers during events. A special threat is the long standing, dry Christmas trees, which are made of synthetic material. When burning, they release toxic compounds harmful to health.

Fire safety during the New Year holidays is provided by the responsible persons of the institution. At the event there should be attendants on duty from the administration. The main responsibility is borne by the director of the institution. A fire safety audit should be carried out before the event.

Of the

To ensure the protection of property, health and life of people in institutions, enterprises and nearby areas, it is necessary to develop a fire safety plan. The document is subject to state expertise. A complete set is included in the inspection, including diagrams, drawings, other papers. When preparing a fire safety plan, it is advisable to seek the help of competent specialists. When designing, it is necessary to take into account the features of the structure of the building and the order of its operation. The WIS consists of a textual and graphic part. Let us consider them in more detail.

Text block

It contains:

• Calculation of risk and security measures.
• List and description of places in which protective equipment is placed, recommendations for its use and features of communication with all structural elements of the building.
• The security category of the object.
• Description of water supply devices on the outside of the structure and indication of ways to access the equipment.
• Indicate the exact distance between sections, outdoor objects, at which proper safety is ensured.
• Measures to create the necessary conditions for the elimination of ignition.
• Solutions to protect people from fire.
• List of premises, facilities and equipment to which automatic signaling is connected and which are subject to compulsory protection by extinguishing means.

The grafical part

It contains:

• Fire protection scheme.
• A drawing of a site with certain access roads for equipment and roads for leaving the territory.
• Evacuation plan.

Features of compilation

The plan is formed in stages. The process of drawing up a document must be controlled by an authorized person. As a rule, he is a fire inspector. In accordance with GOST, which regulates the development of the plan, the graphic part should be compiled as clearly and simply as possible, since it is a visual aid. It should take into account even minor architectural nuances, peculiarities of ventilation systems, airflow passage, possible smoke zones. It is necessary to take into account any factors that can influence the evacuation of people from the building. With special care should be considered the issue of mass congestion in narrow areas. These include, in particular, stairs, corridors, doorways. Density in these places should not exceed 9 people per square meter.

Security system

The purpose of its creation is, first of all, the prevention of fire. At the same time, people and property should be protected in case of fire. The fire safety system includes the following components:

• Complex of organizational and technical measures.
• Measures to prevent fire.
• Fire protection system.

Measures to prevent ignition are a special complex, excluding the possibility of exceeding the permissible risk values. Limit values are established in accordance with the above-mentioned Law on Fire Safety. The set of measures is aimed at preventing the threat and causing damage as a result of ignition. Exclusion of the probability of occurrence of a fire hazard situation is achieved through the prevention of the formation of a combustible medium at the enterprise, in the establishment, or the formation of sources of ignition.

The purpose of the protection complex is to provide the proper conditions for preventing a negative impact or limiting it. This task is realized by reducing the dynamics of the growth of dangerous factors, evacuation measures and extinguishing. The fire protection system must be resistant to the negative impact of fire during the period that is necessary to eliminate the emergency. In accordance with this, the equipment with which the notification, detection and control of evacuation is carried out, should operate in an uninterrupted mode. In this case, the alarm system must be automatic.

Finally

Today, the country has rather strict requirements for ensuring fire safety in enterprises and institutions. The established rules allow to properly protect property and people. Violation of fire safety can lead to serious, and sometimes irreversible consequences. In connection with this, the responsibility of officials, inspectors, and managers is also toughened for inadequate compliance with regulations.