"Killed under Moscow": analysis. "Killed under Moscow" Vorobyov: a summary

A lot has been written about the Great Patriotic War. A special place in the literature devoted to this topic is occupied by the so-called "lieutenant", or "trench" prose, which appeared in the 1950s and 1960s. These are works of former soldiers who learned from their own experience the horrors of trench life and open battle. Their thoughts and feelings are very important to the reader, as they wrote about what they saw with their own eyes. Among them are Konstantin Vorobiev's story "Killed Near Moscow," written in 1961 and published two years later in the journal "Novyi mir".

Writers-front-line soldiers perceived the appearance of this work as a sensation. However, official circles were dissatisfied with the special author's approach to depicting the war. As a result, the writer's name for a long time was deleted from Soviet literature, which became a real blow to him. Only in the 80 years, after the death of K. Vorobiev, he was talked about again, including in connection with another, previously unpublished work on the military theme - "This is us, Lord!"

Autobiographical basis of the story

The fate of the writer can not be called simple. Even before the war, Vorobiev, whose childhood and youth passed in the Kursk region, was in Moscow. The reason for this was the poems written by him for the death of Kuibyshev and containing impartial statements about Stalin. The future writer had to leave his native city, which saved him from quite predictable consequences.

In Moscow, Vorobiev, who had an increase of 1.83 m and a note in his autobiography "from the peasants", was among the cadets, of whom the Kremlin company was being formed. This was the beginning of the tragic events that later became part of the work "Killed near Moscow."

In October 1941, when the fascist troops launched a large-scale offensive on the capital, and the Soviets often found themselves surrounded and forced to retreat, which had no military experience, armed only with old-style rifles (with such fought in the first world) young cadets, including And K. Vorobiev, were sent to the front. The task for them was clearly defined - to protect the approaches to Moscow. And then - a meeting on the way to the front with the NKVD troops, called to control their own in the conditions of war; The first battle near Klin, for the majority of yesterday's cadets turned out to be the last; Captivity and, finally, succeeded after several attempts to escape, partisan underground detachment, camps already in their country. All this was experienced by the writer, and then described in his very true stories and stories that were not to the liking of the authorities, which for a long time became inaccessible to the average reader.

Summary

"Killed near Moscow" is a story of very short (the narrative covers a time interval of 5 days) at the front of two hundred forty young, physically strong, healthy cadets. A slender line, all as for selection, young soldiers in the beginning of the work step to the front line. They are full of optimism and are in an enthusiastic state because of anticipation of future feats. However, the reader expects a tragic outcome from the first pages - this is the title of the story. Indeed, after only a few days, only one of them will remain alive: a young and inexperienced officer, Alexei Yastrebov. All the remaining 239 fighters will be killed near Moscow. Analysis of the causes of these terrible events and formed the basis of the story.

As you become acquainted with the content, the reader comes to a horrifying conclusion. In fact, everything was quite simple: young soldiers were practically used as cannon fodder, having given up to destroy the enemy's armed forces. The author tells about how they were sent to fight with rifles, several grenades and bottles with incendiary mixture - machine guns were not enough. Initially, the actions of more experienced commanders and their analysis are outraged. Killed near Moscow, the young guys were and through their fault. I remember the order about the need to retreat, in a turmoil sent from headquarters not in form. As a result, the time for rescuing the guys was missed, as Ryumin, the regiment commander, who was accustomed to order in all things, did not trust his oral transfer through an unfamiliar fighter, but expected a written confirmation. And also false beliefs that reinforcements will soon arrive, which put the life of two and a half hundred practically unarmed boys in dependence on those who have long since easily mastered the destinies of many people.

The history of the formation of the personality of Alexei Yastrebov

The main character of the story of K. Vorobyov "Killed near Moscow" is a young lieutenant, who only two weeks ago received the title and was sent to the command in the regiment of cadets. The reader is witnessing how difficult is the development of Alexei Yastrebov's husband. A new post is given to him with difficulty, his first orders are given by a ringing, uncertain voice and every time he looks around, hoping to see next to him a more experienced comrade, what were Ryumin commander and political instructor Anisimov. For him, everything is for the first time - Konstantin Vorobyev focuses on this. "Killed near Moscow" is a story about the events that tell about the spiritual becoming of the hero. Before the reader's eyes, the unexpectedly unfolding battle is also taking place. And the first murder of a German, in which Alexei at that moment does not see the enemy, but a man (the sense of the enemy will come later, as a consequence of the experience). And a frightened cadet, pressed to the ground in an attempt to escape. At first he was associated with the traitor with the traitor, since Yastrebov did not immediately realize that he himself behaves in this way at that moment, as he is trying to escape somewhere. It was also unclear how the cadet could ask Yastrebov to shoot him - this would save him from possible captivity. Only after a while, Alexei will understand and realize the fact that, when faced with death, a person becomes powerless and capable of actions that previously caused him to be convicted: to kill a friend or himself, to escape or hide in an attempt to defend himself. And the fact that the death of innocent cadets was the result of decisions taken there in Moscow, from where adult men, many of whom did not know the war personally, could easily send their "sons" to death.

Thus, the psychological growth of the hero occupies a central place in the story - this is what helps to understand its analysis. "Killed under Moscow" is a unique work, because it makes us think not only about the horrors of fascism, but also about the role that the individual personality and the system that was established in the Soviet Union played in the events that took place.

Realism of Vorobyev

Another advantage of the story is that it was unanimously recognized by front-line writers that in it war is shown from within, without gloss and desire to embellish something. As a consequence, shortly after the publication in 1963 of the story "Killed under Moscow" for a long time fell into the number of prohibited works.

In what way did the realism of the writer appear in depicting the war?

First of all, ordinary people appear before the reader: with their doubts and fears, bewilderment and despair. Their behavior in the minutes of the battle is natural: they are powerless to change anything and often do not fully understand what is happening. Understandable feelings - fear of death, a desire to protect oneself - do not at all detract from the merits of young children, and this is what Konstantin Vorobyev especially pays attention to. "Killed near Moscow" - this book is not about those who, like Major General Pereverzev, ripped off insignia and tried to escape. Its heroes are people who recognized themselves as a part of the great people fighting for the liberation of their Motherland. The initial idea of the battlefield as a place of feats is replaced for instantly grown-up boys with the realization of a common misfortune, which turned out to be a terrible blow to a peaceful peaceful life.

The episode with a severed leg in a boot, painted by the author, was naturally painted by the author, which first aroused bewilderment in Alexei: who put it here? And it is impossible to forget the suffering of the wounded in the stomach and the dying Anisimov, who kept repeating: "Cut ...", and next to him, on his greatcoat, "the swirling hank of something alive" is Alexei's perception. It seems that from the pages of the story of K. Vorobyev every soldier killed near Moscow says.

The role of combat with a motorized infantry battalion

Another character, important for understanding the author's intention, is Captain Ryumin, who from the very beginning was a role model for cadets. And he was quite consistent with what a real officer was supposed to be. Someone from the readers can embarrass an episode in the village. Why did Ryumin need to engage in a senseless battle, which still can not change anything, because the fate of the company is predetermined? The answer to this question is actually quite simple. Ryumin understands that his subordinates are doomed, and gives them the opportunity to feel like real soldiers before they die. Indeed, the cadets came out of battle mature, feeling personal involvement in the salvation of the Motherland. They did not shout loud slogans, but fully felt the happiness of their first victory. It can be argued that this feeling was felt by every soldier killed near Moscow, since it was a question of protecting the capital - the heart of the native country.

The final scene of the story

The last pages of the book are hard to read. The reader has witnessed how carefree, dreaming of exploit boys in five days have matured and turned into real men, reassessing themselves and their comrades in a new way. Alexei Yastrebov, who witnessed many deaths and how Ryumin disappeared, quite consciously snatches the bottle with an incendiary death and rushes to the tank. At this moment he is no longer afraid to die and commits his feat simply and everyday, completely without thinking about him. So the price of victory is comprehended, which soldiers who are killed near Moscow will not see. A brief memory of Alexei about his home, about his grandfather in a single moment brought the past and the present into one whole. Now he discovered some other truth, not previously known, about why everything is being done. The life experience gained during these 5 days completely changed his outlook, and the cruelty he saw fostered hatred for the enemy in his soul.

The psychological component of the work

An important place in the story of K. Vorobiev "Killed under Moscow" is occupied by the internal monologues of young Alexei Yastrebov and the more experienced commander of the company, Captain Ryumin, who is more aware of the tragedy of the situation and considers himself involved in what is happening. The latter was brought up by the Party and was accustomed to rely on theoretical calculation in everything. He believed that he was able to control the situation, but soon realized that all his ideas were an illusion. Ryumin did not endure the guilt of conscience and committed suicide. It's not his fault that it all happened, but he himself passed a sentence. Special attention should be paid to the captain's last words, which denote the true culprit of what is happening: "Bastard! After all, all this was shown to us back in Spain! "They contain a clear indication of Stalin. So, in the course of development of the action, the captain's worldview also changes, as evidenced by his actions, the assessment of what is happening, the reflections and their analysis. "Killed near Moscow" - a work that shows how a person under the conditions of war is tested for humanism. It immediately becomes clear who is who.

The original version of the ending of the story

How much time has passed: a few minutes or hours - Alex did not understand. He awoke from the fact that he was dragged from the grave by strong hands, and heard over his head German speech and amicable laughter. "Back and ... the place on the body where the German kicked the boot was warm and gratifying for a long time ..." Alexei got up and saw the burning stacks in which the surviving cadets were hiding. This is the original version of the end of the story "Killed near Moscow." Analysis of such a finale - its author was recommended to remake and make more optimistic - leads to the conclusion about how tragic the first months of the war for the Soviet country became. But he remained only in the archives. Vorobiev himself believed that the final version of the work undoubtedly reflected all the horror of what had to be faced at the front by "newcomers". Moreover, Alexei, breaking out of the heat, was already a completely different person: tempered, much rethought, able to protect those who depended on him. The open final involves an ambiguous outcome of events, but leaves the hope that the hero will still be able to escape, and he will contribute to the Victory.

The meaning of the story

Humanism, duty, heroism, the emergence of the human personality, responsibility for their actions, the ability to empathize and understand the other - K. Vorobyov argues over these difficult concepts in his work. "Killed near Moscow" - a short narrative about one episode from the life of the author himself, a kind of warning that is documentary, somewhere even confessional. What happened in the formidable fortieth - this is the author's main idea - must not be forgotten in any case.

Features of "lieutenant" prose

The works created in the 50's and 60's differ from those that were written during or immediately after the war. A detailed analysis is added to the description of the events that occurred. "Killed near Moscow" is no exception. V. Astafiev noted that the story can not be read just like that, it can not leave anyone indifferent. From her fists contract and there is a single desire: that this never again happened. This recognition that K. Vorobyov was able to fully demonstrate the inhumanity of such a confrontation, make you think about how much the human life costs. And more - to determine the role in the war of all the forces that had to do with it, including the state and its leadership.