Information and communication technology. ICT technologies

ICT (information and communication technologies) are processes and methods of interaction with information that are implemented with the use of computers and telecommunications equipment.

The role of ICT in modern society

Currently, one can observe a constant increase in the influence of media technology on a person. They have a particularly strong impact on children: another twenty years ago, a child would prefer to watch a film than to read a book. However, today, under the powerful press of information, advertising, computer technologies, electronic toys, game consoles, etc., modern youth are increasingly breaking away from reality. Now, if the student does not avoid reading the book, he no longer goes to the library, but downloads it on his tablet. Very often one can observe such a picture: a group of young people is sitting in a park, a park or a shopping and entertainment complex, they do not communicate with each other, their attention is focused on smartphones, tablets, laptops. If this phenomenon continues, then children will soon forget how to communicate. And now the ministries of education of many countries on our planet, instead of developing interest in school communication for live communication and learning in general, decided to follow the path of least resistance and give the children what they want. According to some experts, the child's brain perceives new information better if it is presented in an entertaining form, which is why they easily perceive the data offered in the lesson using media resources (in connection with this, the use of information and communication technologies in education is constantly growing). It's hard to argue with this, but the reverse side of the medal of such an educational process is that children stop communicating with the teacher, which means that the ability to think decreases. It is much better to rebuild the educational process so that it is not boring and always supports the thirst for new knowledge in the child. But this issue will have to be left to the conscience of officials.

The concept of communication and information technology

The processes of informatization in modern society, as well as closely related to them the reform of educational activities, are characterized by the improvement and mass dissemination of modern ICT. They are actively used to transfer data and ensure interaction between the teacher and the trainee in a modern system of distance and open education. Today the teacher is obliged to have skills not only in the field of ICT, but also responsible for the professional application of information and communication technologies in their immediate activities.

The term "technology" came to us from the Greek language, and in translation it means "science." Modern understanding of this word includes the use of engineering and scientific knowledge to solve specific practical problems. Then, information and communication technology is a technology that is aimed at converting and processing information. But that's not all. In fact, information and communication technology is a general concept that describes the various mechanisms, devices, algorithms, methods of data processing. The most important modern ICT device is a computer equipped with the necessary software. The second in a row, but no less important equipment, are the means of communication with the information placed on them.

ICT tools used in the modern education system

The main tool of ICT technology for the information environment of the education system is a personal computer equipped with necessary software (system and application, as well as tools). To the system, first of all, operational software is included. It ensures the interaction of all PC programs with the equipment and the user of the PC. This category also includes service and service software. Applied programs include software, which is an information technology tool - working with texts, graphics, tables, etc. The modern education system makes extensive use of the universal applied office software and ICT tools such as word processors, presentation preparation, spreadsheets, graphic Packages, organizers, databases, and so on.

Development of information and communication technologies

With the organization of computer networks and similar means, the process of education has shifted to a new quality. First of all, this is due to the ability to quickly obtain information from anywhere in the world. Thanks to the global Internet computer network, instant access to information resources of the planet (electronic libraries, file storage, databases, etc.) is now possible. In this popular resource published more than two billion different multimedia documents. The network provides access and allows the use of other common ICT technologies, such as newsgroups, e-mail, chat, lists, mailings. In addition, special software is developed for online communication (in real time), which allows you to send text (entered from the keyboard) after the session is established, as well as sound, image and various files. Such software makes it possible to organize a joint connection of remote users, with the collateral running on the local personal computer.

The emergence of new algorithms for compressing information available for transmission over the Internet has significantly improved the sound quality. Now it began to approach the quality of an ordinary telephone network. As a result, there was a jump in the development of a relatively new ICT facility - Internet telephony. With the help of special software and peripherals through the network, you can organize audio and video conferences.

Information and communication technology and its capabilities

To organize an efficient search in telecommunication networks, automated search programs are used whose purpose is to collect data on various resources of the World Wide Web and provide the user with a quick access to them. Thanks to search engines, you can find documents, multimedia files, targeted information about people and organizations, software. The use of ICT makes it possible to open wide access to educational, methodological and scientific information, besides it becomes possible the operative organization of consulting assistance, as well as the modeling of scientific and research activities. And, of course, virtual classes (lectures, seminars) in real time.

Video training

Today, information and communication technologies for teaching provide for several classes of material delivery, significant from the point of view of distance and open education. One of them is television and video. Video files and corresponding ICT tools allow a large number of students to get acquainted with the content of the lectures of the best teachers. Video recordings can be used both in specially equipped auditoriums and at home. Interesting is the fact that in European and American training courses the main material is presented on video cassettes and in the printed edition.

Television ICT

Television is the most common ICT in the classroom, it plays a huge role not only in the modern educational process, but also in people's lives, because practically every house has a TV. For a long time already educational TV programs have been used all over the world and are a very vivid example of a distance learning method. Thanks to this ICT tool, it became possible to broadcast lectures for a wide audience in order to increase its overall development without further control over the assimilation of knowledge.

Electronic educational editions

A very powerful technology that allows you to transfer and store the entire volume of information studied is electronic educational publications. They are distributed both in computer networks and recorded on optical media. Individual work with such material gives a deep understanding and assimilation of data. This technology allows (with appropriate refinement) to use existing courses in individual training and self-examination of acquired knowledge. Electronic educational publications, in contrast to traditional printed material, allow you to submit information in a graphic, dynamic form.

Classification of ICT tools by methodical areas

Means of ICT are:

1. Teaching. They communicate knowledge, form the skills of practical or educational activities, providing the required level of mastering the material.

2. Trainers. Designed for working out various skills, fixing or repeating the lesson learned.

3. Reference and information retrieval. Inform the information on the systematization of information.

4. Demonstration. The studied phenomena, processes, objects are visualized with the purpose of their study and research.

5. Imitative. Represents a certain aspect of reality, allowing to study its functional and structural characteristics.

6. Laboratory. Allow experiments on existing equipment.

7. Modeling. They make it possible to compile a model of an object, phenomena for the purpose of studying and exploring it.

8. Estimated. Automate calculations and various routine operations.

9. Educational and playing. Are intended for creation of an educational situation in which activity of trainees is realized in the game form.

Didactic tasks, which are solved with the help of ICT

1. Improving the organization and increasing the individualization of training.

2. Increase the productivity of independent preparation of students.

3. Individualization of the teacher's work.

4. Acceleration of replication, as well as access to the gains of teaching practice.

5. Increased motivation to learn.

6. Activization of the educational process, the possibility of involving the student in research activities.

7. Providing flexibility training.

The negative impact of ICT on the learner

Information and communication technology, introduced into all forms of education, leads to a number of negative consequences, including a number of negative psychological and pedagogical factors influencing the health and physiological state of the trainee. As already mentioned at the beginning of the article, the CTI leads to the individualization of the learning process. However, this is a serious drawback associated with total individualization. Such a program attracts the curtailment of the already inadequate dialogue participants in the educational process: students and teachers, students among themselves. She offers them, in fact, a surrogate for communication - a dialogue with the computer. And in fact, even a pupil active in the speech plan for a long time ceases to work when working with ICT tools. This is especially true for students of distance and open forms of education.

What is so dangerous?

As a result of this form of training, the student is busy with the fact that he silently consumes the material during the whole lesson. This leads to the fact that the part of the brain responsible for the objectification of human thinking turns out to be turned off, in fact, immobilized for many years of study. It is necessary to understand that the trainee does not have the necessary practice of forming, formulating thoughts, as well as dialogical communication in a professional language. As shown by psychological research, without developed communication, the monologic communication of the student with himself, precisely what is called independent thought, will not be formed at the proper level. Agree that the question posed to oneself is the most reliable indicator of the existence of independent thinking. As a result, if we go along the path of individualization of education, we can miss the very possibility of forming a creative process in man, the origin of which is built on dialogue.

Finally

Summing up, we can note one more significant lack of information and communication technologies, which results from the main advantage - the general availability of information resources published in the network. Often this leads to the fact that the student follows the path of least resistance and borrows ready-made abstracts, problem solutions, drafts, reports, etc. on the Internet. Today, this already familiar fact confirms the low effectiveness of this form of training. Of course, the prospects for the development of information and communication technologies are high, but it is necessary to implement them without any maniacal totalization.