Feudal Mongolia

Under Khubilai, the tax system of the empire was revised. The sedentary population of the empire was taxed by land, household and per capita taxes in kind (grain and silk) and money, and the nomadic population was taxed on cattle. It was ordered to collect traditional Chinese monopoly taxes from the relevant categories of the population. The practice of giving taxes was stopped.

Khubilai continued the aggressive policies of his predecessors. But he was the last of the Mongolian noyon conquerors. Feudal Mongolia ...

In the "Mongol Empire, the class of arats, direct producers, was subjected to cruel exploitation by the feudal lords. In addition to the state tax on livestock, huge amounts of money were spent to maintain the khan's court and the noyons. It is no coincidence that Plano Carpini, who saw how fees were made by noyons among dependent people, concluded: "In short, the emperor and the leaders take from their property everything they want and how much they want. So they have their personality in everything, as they will be pleased. " The situation of the Arats was heavy both in Mongolia itself and in China. As it was said in Chinese sources, during this period, especially in the years of natural disasters, the vagrant refugees from the walled part of the empire flooded China and the authorities collected and forwarded them to their tribes, that is, "into thousands." In China, ordinary Mongols, falling into poverty, often sold property and even wives and children into slavery to the rich Chinese and other representatives of the propertied elite.

XIV-XVII century in the history of Mongolia - a period of feudal fragmentation. During the period under review, the northern (Khalkha) and southern Mongols settled in the territory of the modern Mongolian People's Republic and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the PRC, and the western Mongols, or Oirats, west of the Altai Range to Tianshan.

At that time, the feudal possessions-uluses-began to be called toumenas, and "thousands" were called "otokami." Toumens were not units of a military organization, but were the possessions of feudal lords, who often covered many tens of thousands of families. Otok was a group of nomadic families, occupying a certain territory for their rifts. He was the former "thousand" and did not consist of only one of his relatives. He was the main social and economic unit. Everyone belonged to some kind of otku and, due to this, they entered into various social and economic ties in the society.

Feudal Mongolia