Economic Region of East-Siberian: subjects, climate, main resources, population

The East Siberian economic region is one of the largest and most important of the 12 similar territorial units of the Russian Federation. Possessing huge resources and economic potential, it is of great importance for the development of the infrastructure of the whole country. What is the economic region of East-Siberian, where it is located, what resources it has and what are its features? Let's take a closer look at these issues.

Geographical location

Features of geographical location - the first thing that should be given attention. This is a significant factor that affects both the climate of the region and its economy.

The East-Siberian economic region is located in the Asian part of the Russian Federation. It occupies a large territory of the geographic region of Siberia. It should be noted that this economic region territorially almost completely coincides with the Siberian Federal District. The district does not include only a number of western regions of the federal district.

The East-Siberian region in the west borders on the West Siberian economic region, in the east - with the Far East, in the south Russia borders with China and Mongolia. The north of the district is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean.

The economic area of East Siberian has an area of 4.123 million km ² . This indicator exceeds only the size of the Far Eastern economic region.

Such are the features of the geographic location of this territorial unit of Russia.

Administrative division

Now we will establish the subjects of the East Siberian economic region. It is divided into six administrative regions:

• The Republic of Khakassia.
• Tyva Republic.
• The Republic of Buryatia.
• Irkutsk region.
• Krasnoyarsk region.
• Transbaikal region.

Each region, in turn, is divided into administrative regions.

The largest region is the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Its area is 2366.797 thousand square meters. Km, which is the second indicator after Yakutia among all subjects of the federation. Then the size of the territory follows the Trans-Baikal Territory, the Irkutsk Region and Buryatia. On the map, you can visually see the ratio of the area of different subjects of the federation of this economic region. The smallest size of the territory is Khakassia (61,600 km ^2. ).

Administrative centers of the subjects of the federation of the region:

• Abakan (Khakassia).
• Krasnoyarsk (the Krasnoyarsk Territory).
• Kyzyl (Tyva).
• Ulan-Ude (Buryatia).
• Chita (Trans-Baikal Territory).
• Irkutsk (Irkutsk region).

Each of these settlements has a special significance for the region. These are the cities that Siberia can be proud of. Krasnoyarsk is the largest city in this economic region. The number of inhabitants in it exceeds one million people. In addition, it is considered the center of the economic region.

Climate

Significant length from north to south has caused a large number of climatic zones in the territory of this territorial unit.

On the islands of the Arctic Ocean there are arctic deserts with one of the lowest temperature regimes on Earth. Snow cover here all year round. Near the coast of the ocean is the tundra zone. The average temperature in January here is -36 ° C. During the year there are less than forty days, during which the temperature exceeds 10 ° C. This period of time is considered in the summer. Slightly south is the forest-tundra with low vegetation, cool summers and cold winters.

Further south follows the taiga. This zone occupies most of the economic region. Its distinctive feature is dense vegetation, represented mainly by tall trees. Summer is hot here, and winter is harsh.

To the south are alternating zones of forest-steppe and steppe. They stand out in the hot summer and relatively cool in winter. In the steppe in the summer, a very small amount of precipitation falls, and the vegetation is represented by low-growing plants. But, it should be said that the zone of forest-steppe and steppe occupies a rather small territory.

Also in the highlands there are areas of high altitude zonation that have specific climatic characteristics.

It should be noted that this economic region is marked by a sharply continental type of climate. This is due to the considerable distance from the warm oceans. Therefore, the daily and annual temperature fluctuations in the territory of the district are quite substantial.

Natural resources

The natural resources of the East Siberian economic region are marked by a rather wide variety and volume of reserves.

In the region there are large deposits of brown and coal, gold, oil, iron, polymetallic and copper-nickel ores. There are also supplies of asbestos, graphite, table salt, talc and mica.

But the main resources of the economic region are huge volumes of forest. On this indicator, he retains leadership among similar territorial structures in Russia.

Reservoirs

Many rivers and lakes can be considered natural resources. In the national economy, they are used not only for catching and breeding fish, but also as transport arteries, as well as a source of electricity.

Among the main reservoirs should be allocated Lake Baikal. It is the deepest lake in the world. The maximum depth is 1642 m. In addition, it should be said that the fresh water in this reservoir is 19% of the world's volume.

Among the rivers, the longest river in Russia is Lena (4400 km), Yenisei and Amur. In addition, the major water sources are such rivers as Lower Tunguska, Khatanga, Selenga, Podkamennaya Tunguska. A very important river in the economy of the country is the Angara, which connects Baikal and the Yenisei. There are a number of hydroelectric power stations on this river, including the Bratsk hydroelectric power station, which produce a huge amount of electricity.

Population of the district

The population in the studied economic region is 8.4 million people. The population density here is one of the lowest in Russia, and is about 2 people. On 1 square. Km. The indicator is only lower in the Far Eastern economic region. It should be noted that the southern part has a much higher population level than the entire East Siberian region as a whole. Here the population density reaches a level of 30 people. Per sq. M. Km.

By ethnicity among the inhabitants of the economic region numerically dominated by the Russians. Their share exceeds 80% of the total population of this region. All other ethnic groups are much inferior to them in terms of the number of representatives. Buryats and Tuvans, the indigenous peoples inhabiting the East Siberian economic region, follow the Russian population. The population of this region is also represented by Ukrainians and Tatars, occupying, respectively, the fourth and fifth largest in number.

Among the indigenous peoples should also be identified Shorians, Evenks and Dolgan. But the number of representatives of these ethnic groups is relatively small. So, representatives of the people of the Dolgan are only a little more than 5,5 thousand people.

It should be noted that the population of the district has been growing steadily since 2012, although since 1992 there has been a demographic decline with a decrease in the number of inhabitants.

Industry

The economic characteristics of the region are marked by the development of both industry and agriculture.

The main branch of the economy is the mining industry. There is a pronounced specialization of the East Siberian economic region on the extraction of minerals. In particular, the important place is occupied by the extraction of coal, oil, and also ores of various metals, which have already been mentioned above.

High industrial potential is enjoyed by Eastern Siberia. Krasnoyarsk is famous for its advanced heavy engineering and metallurgical industry. In addition, the city has a factory for the production of medicines, as well as a company that produces TVs.

In Irkutsk there is a plant focused on heavy engineering, an aircraft manufacturing enterprise, and the largest energy company in Russia, Irkutskenergo. This is not surprising, because the power capacity provides the largest Angarsk cascade. The city has also developed a food industry, in particular, the production of meat, dairy and bakery products.

Abakan has a rather high industrial potential. Khakassia can be proud of such a center. It has a large wagon-building plant, a number of food and light industry enterprises, and a large thermal power station. Of the latest achievements, it is necessary to call the opening of the largest in Siberia electric power station on solar energy.

The center of the Trans-Baikal Territory - the city of Chita - is famous for its machine-building plant and house-building plant. In addition, most recently, the automotive plant was launched. But the main direction of infrastructure development in Chita is the energy industry. At once two thermal power plants are located on the territory of the city, which supply the entire region with electric power.

A large industrial region of the country is Buryatia. On the map, which is presented above, we can clearly see how this republic skirts Lake Baikal. Developed industry is a significant environmental problem for the reservoir. In Ulan-Ude, the capital of Buryatia, a number of industries have been significantly developed. There are machine building, power, mining, construction, woodworking enterprises. In addition, there are organizations engaged in production in the food and light industry. Particular attention should be paid to the enterprise "Buryatzoloto", engaged in the development of gold mines.

The most underdeveloped region of the economic region is the Republic of Tuva. Here, the development of the mining industry has reached a significant scale.

Thus, the main areas of industry in the economic region are the mining industry, metallurgy, machine building, woodworking, power engineering, construction, and food and textile industries.

Agriculture

Due to the peculiarities of the geographical position and the location of the northern regions beyond the polar circle in the permafrost zone, effective production in the crop sector is possible only in the southern part of the economic region. Here, mainly grow cereals. The main crop is spring wheat. Also spreading was the cultivation of oats and barley. Among the technical crops, sugar beet is grown, which is grown in the southern part of the Krasnodar Territory and in the Republic of Buryatia. Bakhchu on an industrial scale is grown only in the Minusinsk hollow.

Livestock farming is well developed throughout the entire economic region. But the specialization of the livestock sector depends on the particular region. Thus, in the northern regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory reindeer breeding is well developed in the conditions of the tundra. In the south, in the forest-steppe and steppe regions, agricultural enterprises are engaged in sheep breeding. In particular, they specialize in fine and semi-fine grain, as well as meat and wool. In the taiga developed breeding and hunting of fur animals, as well as other directions of fur farming. In addition, beekeeping is widespread in the central and southern regions of the economic region. Fisheries are almost everywhere.

In general, it is necessary to note the great development in the economic area of animal husbandry in comparison with plant growing. There is not enough crop production produced here, so it has to be transported from other economic regions of Russia and from abroad. This is especially pronounced in relation to vegetables and fruits.

Transport routes

Transport communication is a very important factor for ensuring the economic integrity of the area, the territory of which stretches for many thousands of kilometers.

The southern regions of the economic region with the administrative center of Russia and the Far East are connected by railways. In particular, the important role is played by the Trans-Siberian Railway, the construction of which was started as far back as 1891, and the Baikal-Amur Main Line, built from 1938 to 1984. At long distances for the transport of passengers and goods, it is railway transport that has proved to be the most effective.

In addition, in the southern part of the economic region, a number of important highways of federal importance are laid. The most significant of them are the P255 Novosibirsk-Irkutsk (Siberia-Siberia) highway, P257 Krasnoyarsk-Mongolia (Yenisei), P258 Irkutsk-Chita (Baikal), P297 Chita-Khabarovsk (Amur), A340 Ulan-Ude - Mongolia, A350 Chita - China.

Much worse is the situation with transport in the central and northern parts of the economic region, located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. There is no railway communication here at all. There are motor roads of local importance. There are no major highways in this area. True, there are two routes of federal significance, but they are rather short, since they connect settlements with airports. Their importance is precisely in providing access to communications of strategic importance. This is the A382 route connecting Dudinka with the Alykel airport, and the A383 road, which provides access from the city of Tours to the Gorny Airport.

As we can see, ground communication in the central and northern parts of the region is rather poorly developed. River transport became particularly important . The rivers Lena, Yenisei, Khatanga, Podkamennaya Tunguska are natural highways that provide traffic from the south to the north and in the opposite direction. Considering the considerable distances, an important place is also taken by aviation communication.

On the coast of the Arctic Ocean there are sea ports Dudinka, Dixon, Igarka, Nordvik. They are important nodes not only for Russian shipping, but also for providing international communications.

The importance of the economic region

As we can see, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of the East Siberian region for the country. It is the source of a significant amount of minerals such as coal, oil, metal ores, gold, etc. The industrial potential of the region is also very large. The main areas: metallurgy, engineering, mining.

Separately, we should note the unique nature of the region with different climatic zones: there are arctic deserts and tundra, taiga and steppe. Taiga has huge reserves of wood, there is developed fur farming, which provides the country with valuable furs. In Eastern Siberia there are huge water reserves, and the deepest in the world Lake Baikal is a real pearl of the region.

At the same time, it should be said that the East Siberian economic region needs to improve the transport infrastructure, as well as to improve the amenities of the population living here. These problems can not be solved in the short term. Their solution requires a strategic development plan for the future. But it is important not only to have this plan, but also to adhere to its implementation as precisely as possible. And all the necessary resources for its implementation in Eastern Siberia are available.