Discography: what is it. Discography in children

Probably, the readers met the term "dysgraphy." What is it, how is it manifested? Is dysgraphy a disease, and how can you get rid of it? We will try to answer all these questions in this article.

Definition of dysgraphia and dyslexia

The terms "dysgraphia" and "dyslexia" in medicine indicate specific problems with writing and reading skills. Man in such cases, for various reasons, is not able to write competently or read fluently. True, these violations should not be confused with medical concepts such as agraphy and alexia, which indicate the patient's complete inability to these types of activities.

As a rule, dysgraphy implies violations in higher mental activity, responsible for writing skills. This usually becomes a serious obstacle to literacy and language training.

Causes of dysgraphy in children

In order to record the sentence heard, a person should not only remember the order of writing the details of each letter, but preserve the semantic sequence of words and remember about their distinction. If the child has disturbances in the differentiation of sounds, in their pronunciation, analysis, synthesis or spatial representations, then it means that he can start developing dysgraphy.

Among children, among other things, such violations can be genetically determined. Many researchers who study the causes of this problem believe that its development is strongly influenced by pathological factors that affect the baby both in the womb and after birth.

In addition, long-term somatic diseases and head injuries may be at the heart of the discography. An important role is also played by the child's lack of speech communication, his pedagogical neglect, etc. It is interesting that many cases of dysgraphy in children have also been recorded in bilingual families.

Dysgraphy: what is it, and what does it express?

A child suffering from dysgraphy, as a rule, finds it difficult to establish a sequence of details of the letter, which causes either a slowing down of the speed of writing words or an illiterate, but rather quick letter.

Sometimes the cause of dysgraphy is a violation in the ability to process visual information - children are hard to remember and then reproduced in the notebook. In a situation where they do not distinguish some sounds by ear, there is also confusion when they are written.

Features of display

Discography in children is often manifested by errors in writing letters that are in a strong position, for example, lefy instead of left, or in skipping letters even in a short word: km instead of com , etc. At a time when ordinary spelling errors are observed in writing letters in a weak position: malaco instead of milk , etc.

Besides:

• The child not only misses letters and syllables, but also rearranges them in places ( onko instead of a window );
• Can replace words by sound similarity;
• He adds to the word extra letters and syllables ( children, komanata );
• Distorts the graphic image of the letter (for example, letters of the letter c, e, u write in a mirror);
• Does not distinguish between paired consonants (for him equally sound b-n or v -f );
• The mistakes that he allows, prove to be persistent for a long time, not disappearing in the learning process.

All these signs should become an incentive for parents, suspecting that their child has a diagnosis, urgently seek advice from a speech therapist.

Basic forms of dysgraphy

Depending on the manifested disorders, the dysgraphia is divided into several forms.

So, there is articulatory-acoustic dysgraphy, which arises against the background of a changed sound quality. The child, as a rule, at the same time writes the words as he pronounces, for example: lyba instead of fish or managed to make noise instead.

The acoustic discography is characterized by the substitution of sounds similar in sound to the writing of letters ( d-t, s-s, w-sh , etc.). Her oral speech is correct.

The aggmatic dysgraphy is manifested in problems with the coordination of words. But it is interesting that this happens only in written speech, but the child speaks correctly. For example, he can write without taking into account either the kind or the case: a good mother or a street . By the way, this type of violation is usually found already in the 3rd grade, when school children start to learn cases.

There is also optical dysgraphy, which characterizes the violation of visual analysis. The child in this case practically does not perceive the differences between letters with similar spelling elements. The problem is caused by L and N, and also by P, L, N or E and 3, and the like. In the handwritten version of the same letters: pt, vd, lm, ih, and others.

But the most common violations of language analysis and synthesis. The child can not add words, write prepositions together or prefixes separately ( when walking , prinei ), skip letters and whole syllables, change them by places or repeat.

Is dysgraphia an independent disease, and can it be prevented?

It can be safely asserted, speaking of the diagnosis of "dysgraphia", that this is not an independent disease, as it usually accompanies some pathologies of a neurological nature, hearing, motor apparatus, auditory or visual analyzer.

The possibility of preventing this problem is still an open question. Experts believe that the prevention of dysgraphia is impossible in principle, since in modern medicine there is no clear understanding of the causes of this pathology. But it is absolutely real to identify the risk of dysgraphy or its early signs before entering school, which can greatly facilitate the fight against it.

Usually such include children from bilingual families, re-educated lefties, children with a violation of the reproduction of sounds, as well as concentration and memory. Such children should show the speech therapist and conduct special testing with them to be able to begin correction as early as possible.

How can we deal with disgra-

Correction of dysgraphy is, first of all, the joint work of parents, teachers and a qualified speech therapist, since Mom and Dad alone will not be able to solve this problem.

It is important to remember that if a child has a violation in oral speech, then correction of the dysgraphy begins with the correction of pronunciation!

Classes at the speech therapist spend on the developed system. For this, different speech games are used, as well as a special alphabet for folding words and highlighting their grammatical elements.

The child in the learning process must learn how exactly certain sounds are pronounced, and what letters correspond to them. Speech therapist works with the baby to distinguish between hard and soft or deaf and sonorous pronunciation of sound, repeating words, selecting them according to given sounds, analyzing the sound and letter composition of selected words, etc.

Often children are helped by the use of visual material to memorize the outlines of letters, for example: "O" - a bagel or a hoop, "F" - a beetle, "C" is a crescent moon.

Discography: Correction exercises

To successfully overcome the problem, there are a number of special exercises.

1. For example, the child is offered to select certain letters in the written text. For this, a text that is boring for the child is selected with a small number of paragraphs and a large font, in which it is suggested to cross out in words, for example, all the letters "a", then - all the letters "o" and so on. During the day, this exercise is spent no more than 5 minutes. After a week, you can complicate the task: the child is offered to allocate 2 letters, while one to cross out, and the other to outline or emphasize. Choose "paired" letters, those that the child confuses when writing (they can usually be found by reviewing your student's workbooks).
2. Be sure to pronounce the words when writing, paying attention to sounds that are pronounced not as they are written. That is, we say: " On steel, kufshyn, " and when writing this down, the child should say: "I WAS BUILDING THE QUEEN" (calling those letters to be written). The main thing is not to forget to "voice" and end the word, since the discography of schoolchildren is often manifested by unfinished words to the end.
3. It is very important to train the handwriting. To do this, in a notebook in a cell, ask the child to write so that each letter of the word is placed only in one of the cells and fills it all.

A few words about the methodology of EV Mazanova

Excellent described the work with children who are diagnosed with "dysgraphia", Mazanova EV in their work on various types of this pathology. For each of them, a teacher-speech therapist of the highest category developed meaningful and colorful workbooks and albums. Techniques of this author are widely used by specialists for practical studies and bring, judging by the reviews, a tangible success.

For example, Mazanova suggests that children should be encouraged to sculpt them from plasticine, write them in the air, traverse the finished contour, try to find differences in optically similar letters, find a certain letter by overlapping several images on each other, and so on.

But, despite the apparent accessibility and simplicity of the techniques developed to correct the dysgraphy, I want to once again draw the parents' attention to the fact that it is unreasonable to engage in independent work without regular consultations with a specialist with a child suffering from this pathology. You will lose valuable time and achieve minimum results!

A few tips for parents

If your child has dysgraphia, do not blame him for his mistakes, do not force him to rewrite the text many times, otherwise you will only achieve the insecurity of the child in his power and place in him a dislike for writing and reading. Be sure to praise your child for every success, but do not over-praise. In addition, do not show your strong concern about the problem that has arisen, so as not to develop a sense of inferiority in the child.

It is necessary to take into account in the diagnosis of "dysgraphia" that this is usually a condition in which good visual memory develops (as a replacement for a defect), so these children should not be offered exercises where the mistakes must be corrected initially. This can render the child "a disservice".

Dictation in such cases is written slowly, with the pronunciation of all the letters and punctuation marks before the beginning of the letter, and then during it.

To warn the development of dysgraphia is necessary even in the preschool age

Parents are very important to remember that dysgraphia and dyslexia do not occur suddenly! And the work to eliminate these pathologies should be conducted not at school age, when the child will have specific problems with grammar and spelling, and even long before the start of training.

If the child has a lot of notes and errors in the notebook, and he, even if he learned by heart the rule, is still unable to apply it on the letter, it is worthwhile to turn to the speech therapist. At the first lessons he will determine the type of dysgraphia, the features of its flow in your child, and then only offer a set of exercises to eliminate it.

Errors that such children admit can not be overcome without special adjustment. Prepare that this is not an easy path, which will require your patience and perseverance in overcoming the problem. Good luck!