Deviant behavior and its types. Causes of deviant behavior

Every social society has its own norms or rules, according to which it lives. They can be attributed to unwritten laws, reflecting the nature of human behavior in various situations. Non-observance of these norms is considered a social deviation, which is also called deviation. This concept can be viewed from different angles. First of all, deviant behavior always violates the norms of law and standards that have developed in society. But beyond that, it is considered a social phenomenon, which finds its expression in any mass forms of people's activities and does not correspond with the rules of behavior that are unofficially established.

Where is the deviant behavior and its types studied? Social studies - the subject that first introduces students to the scientific explanation of this social phenomenon.

The basic concept

Unfortunately, there is no such society, all members of which would adhere to common regulatory requirements. Existing deviant behavior and its types can take many forms. So, people with behavioral disorders include criminals and hermits, ascetics and geniuses, saints, etc.

Deviant behavior is a type of behavior that has no approval in society. At all times there has been a struggle to eliminate undesirable forms of human activity and their carriers. At the same time, various means and methods were used that corresponded to the socio-economic relations existing in the country, to public consciousness, and to the interests of the ruling elite.

Deviant behavior and its types have always attracted the interest of researchers.

Role in the life of society

Deviant behavior is a type of behavior with a dual character. On the one hand, it threatens the loss of stability of society. On the other hand, it supports this stability. How can this be explained? Successful work of all social structures is possible only with the maintenance of order and predictability of the behavior of all members of society. It is important for every person to know how other people behave and what kind of behavior they expect from him.

However, in every society there are subcultures. They have their own norms, which are in contradiction with the generally accepted morality. Such deviations are considered group and sometimes contribute to the further development of society.

Types of deviant behavior

Sometimes an individual violates social norms only from time to time. This behavior is attributed to the primary deviation. The second kind of this concept is secondary. In this case, the person receives the stigma of the deviant and feels that they treat him differently than with other people.

Deviant behavior always violates moral norms and can be both individual and collective in nature. The first type of deviation is often transformed into the second. Most often, this happens when the influence of criminal subcultures on those categories of people who are predisposed to commit deviant acts, that is, are at risk.

Types of deviant behaviors

Allocate:

- Delinquent actions, which have a pronounced antisocial orientation, which in their extreme expressions acquire a criminally punishable character;

- addictive actions, the purpose of which is to escape from reality through the use of psychoactive substances or with excessive fixation for a certain type of activity;

- pathocharacteristic actions, which are caused by pathological changes in the nature that occur due to defects in upbringing;

- psychopathological actions, which are the consequence of mental disorders;

- acts based on the person's hypersensitivity, manifested with a special giftedness or genius.

Deviant behavior and its types may have a somewhat different classification. In relation to them, there are deviant acts:

1. Socially approved. They are expressed in such behavior of the individual, which is positive and aimed at eliminating obsolete standards. As a rule, this type of deviant is associated with social creativity and contributes to qualitative changes in the entire social system. An example of this is genius, sporting achievements, heroic deeds and leadership abilities.

2. Neutral. This deviant behavior is a type of behavior that does not cause any fear of society and does not contribute to its change. To such deviant acts include eccentricity and eccentricity, the desire to surprise everyone with his manner of behavior and clothing.

3. Socially disapproved. This behavior disrupts and disorganizes the social system.

It carries features of negativity and dysfunctionality. Such deviant acts are harmful to society. To them carry various deviations, bringing harm to people and the person. They are expressed in the form of a variety of illegal, aggressive and criminal acts, as well as in alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, etc. So, the following types of deviant behavior are classified as socially disapproving: addictive, delinquent.

Typology of R. Merton

The concept of deviant behavior is relative. For example, criminals believe that extortion is a normal kind of earnings. However, for the majority of the population, this behavior is deviant. The same applies to certain types of social actions. Some of them are considered deviant, while others are not.

In modern sociology, the most recognized are species, types of deviant behavior, classified by R. Merton. His grouping of concepts he made in the mainstream of the representations of this process as destroying the basic elements of culture, including ethical norms. Based on this, Merton identified four types of deviation, including:

1. Innovation. This type of behavior assumes agreement with the general goals of society, but at the same time denial of the accepted ways of achieving them. The innovators include prostitutes and blackmailers, great scientists and creators of financial pyramids.

2. Ritualism. This behavior is associated with the denial of the main goals of society and the absurd execution of ways to achieve them. An example is the bureaucrat. This official requires careful filling of any document, its repeated verification, compilation in four copies, etc. At the same time, the main thing is missing from view: the goal.

3. Retreatment. This is nothing but an escape from the existing reality. This type of deviation is expressed in the rejection not only of socially significant goals, but also of the ways in which ordinary people reach them. This type of behavior is typical for drug addicts, alcoholics, homeless people, etc.

4. Revolt. This behavior denies the existing goals and methods in society. The rebel seeks to replace them with new ones. A vivid example of this is the revolutionaries.

In drawing up his classification, Merton emphasized the fact that deviant behavior and its types are not a product that demonstrates an absolutely negative attitude to the generally accepted norms. After all, a thief does not at all reject such a goal of society as material well-being. And the actions of the bureaucrat do not conflict with the generally accepted rules of work. In this case, there is only a literal fulfillment, reaching to the point of absurdity. But at the same time, both the bureaucrat and the thief are deviants.

The main causes of deviant behavior

There can be many explanations for the deviant phenomenon. To understand it, you need to know what kind of deviant behavior the species has. And the reasons in this case will reveal much easier. For example, the propensity to addiction and alcoholism, as well as mental disorders, are not due to social but to biological causes. After all, these negative phenomena are sometimes passed on to children from their parents.

In sociology there are several directions, according to which the causes of deviant behavior are explained. One of them is the existence of a state of society in which old values and norms have already come into conflict with existing relations, and there are as yet no new ones. At the same time, the reason for deviant behavior is the inconsistency of the goals that are set by society, and the means that are offered to achieve them.

Marginalization

This is one of the causes of deviation, characterized by a break in social ties. The most common option is the initial break in economic relations. After that, social ties are lost, and at the next stage - spiritual ties.

A characteristic feature of the marginals is the reduction of the bar of social needs and expectations. At the same time, primitivization of their industrial, domestic and spiritual life takes place.

Social Pathologies

This is another category of causes of negative behavior. It has a close connection with such phenomena as drug addiction and alcoholism, an increase in the number of mental illnesses and a deterioration in the genetic pool of members of society.

Begging and begging

This behavior is a special way of life. Its main reason is the refusal to participate in labor for the benefit of society and the desire to receive unearned income.

It should be noted that begging and vagrancy have recently become quite widespread. However, society is trying to fight this socially dangerous phenomenon. After all, such individuals often act as intermediaries in the sale of drugs, as well as commit theft and other crimes.

Addition

Often the cause of negative behavior is the desire to avoid the existing internal discomfort, and also to change one's own social and mental state, expressed by internal struggle and intrapersonal conflicts. All this is addictive behavior. Such a path is usually chosen by those who do not have the legal opportunity to realize self-realization, whose individuality is suppressed in connection with the hierarchy that has developed in society, and personal aspirations are invariably blocked.

Such people can not make a career and change their social status using legitimate channels. That is why they consider the generally accepted norms of society to be unjust and unnatural.

Features of negative behavior

In our modern society, deviant actions are increasingly becoming rational and risky. The main difference between such a person and an adventurer lies in reliance on professionalism, and not in belief in a case or fate. This is a conscious choice of personality, thanks to which self-realization, self-affirmation and self-actualization are possible.

Adverse behavior of adolescents

In modern society, the problem of child neglect, drug addiction and crime is topical. In this regard, there is an increase in the number of adolescents with deviant behavior. Such a deviation in the behavior of children is the result of political, social, economic and environmental instability, the growth of the influence of pseudo-cultures, changes in the existing value orientations of young people, disadvantages in the family and household spheres, lack of control, which is the result of the constant employment of parents, the epidemic of divorce and lack of work Educational institutions.

The main types of deviant behavior of adolescents, as a rule, find expression in such forms as addictive, autoaggressive (suicidal), and also heteroaggressive.

What are the most common reasons for the negative behavior of young people? In their list are the following:

1. Incorrectly organized upbringing. Such a teenager usually lives in a difficult family. On his eyes there are conflicts between parents who are not interested in his inner world. Sometimes this trouble is deeply hidden. And it is found only after the adolescent begins to stand out for his negative behavior.

2. Biological factors. Among such reasons, heredity is distinguished, which reduces the activity of protective mechanisms and limits the adaptive functions of man. This factor can manifest itself in mental deficiency, the inheritance of abnormal features in character, and also a negative phenomenon, like alcoholism. In addition, in adolescents with deviant behavior, the inferiority of brain cells is revealed, which is the result of some serious diseases that were transferred by them at an early age. The factors of the biological type include the peculiarity of the adolescent period. It is at this age that a person develops rapidly in the body, puberty begins and comes to an end, and the functions of many systems and organs, including the central nervous system, are improved.

3. Mental factors. In adolescence, the formation of the character of man is completed. Violations of this process sometimes lead to negative characterological reactions that go beyond the norms accepted in society. Among them are the following: active protest (disobedience and rudeness); Passive protest (leaving the house); Active avoidance of contact with people; Imitation or imitation of the behavior of others; Increased desire for self-assertion on the basis of denying the experience of elders; Hypercompensation (reckless actions) as a protective reaction, masking the weak points of the individual.

So, we looked at deviating behavior and the causes that cause it.