Decentralization - what is it? Centralization and decentralization of management

The Russian state at the current stage of development is in conditions that are inherent in the permanent innovation process. This is the determinant of the fact that in post-Soviet Russia there arose a need for a competently constructed internal policy, the activities of state institutions, and the establishment of a certain vector of political management. In particular, it is necessary to find the answer to the question: "Decentralization - what is it, and what are its differences from the centralization of power?"

What are the processes of centralization and decentralization of management?

Turning to the terminology, we can conclude that centralization and decentralization of management are different concepts. Thus, centralization is the concentration of the full power in the hands of one organization. From the political point of view, when the authorities do not accumulate the full power in their own hands, but gives some competence to the local self-government bodies, this is decentralization. What is this, in more detail let you know the expert answers on this issue.

Two methodological approaches to the decentralization of power

To date, according to Vardan Baghdasaryan, there are two methodological approaches that allow to answer the question: decentralization - what is it. The entire amount of managerial authority can be represented by a specific figure, which will be 100%. In the event that more than 90% of the powers are concentrated in the hands of the supreme bodies of state power and only 10% are given to the competence of local self-government bodies, then it can be argued that in this state the administration is centralized. If the percentage of the distribution of power is inversely related, that is, 90% belong to the powers of the local government and only 10% to the authorities at the federal and regional levels, then we can say that the process of decentralization of management has passed.

Thus, the first methodological approach allows to speak about the management model - excessive decentralization. In other words, topical issues for local self-government can not be resolved directly at "places". To do this, lobby the interests of a particular locality in the bodies at higher levels of government, which in most cases is impossible to implement.

If decentralization of powers passes under the second model, the risk of separatism within the state increases. This can become the main determinative factor of the collapse of the statehood of the country.

What are the disadvantages of decentralization of power?

It's not enough to answer the question: "Decentralization - what is it?" - it is important to understand the main advantages and disadvantages of this mechanism of separation of powers.

1. The loss of monopoly on the money issue by the government. This minus is concluded in the fact that the central authorities can not carry out a stabilization of literate monetary policy. Part of the authority is vested in the regions of the Russian Federation, which is a significant financial burden for them. It is because of this reason that money surrogates are distributed .
2. The growth of bureaucratization. Decentralization of power is not only the distribution of powers, but also an increase in the number of state institutions and officials, each of which fulfills its specific role. This causes excessive regulation both in the political sphere and in the economic and social sphere.
3. In addition, the decentralization of power is increased corruption in local government. When the power is differentiated, there is a redistribution of powers at the local level. Local elites come to the management, thanks to which they lobby the interests of the business company by using bribery of the authorities, giving bribes and presenting gifts.
4. Opacity of the authorities in the field. If the highest state authorities publish reports on their activities, then local government leaves its work in the shadow. Officials at the local level control the activities of the media, therefore it is not possible to publicize the activities of the authorities from the disadvantageous side.

Despite the fact that the decentralization of power in Russia faces many challenges, this mechanism has a number of unrealized advantages and opportunities.

Flexibility of LSG

Local authorities are much better informed about existing problems in the territory of a certain locality. Thanks to this, it is possible to make flexible decisions aimed at solving emerging situations. However, due to lack of proper political and economic incentives, the system does not work.

Competition of jurisdictions LSG

One of the main advantages of decentralization is the competition between different jurisdictions. However, due to the fact that there is no single economic space within the Russian Federation, labor mobility, labor and financial flows are low on the territory of the state .

Liability of LSG

Responsibility of the authorities to the electorate. It is believed that the LSG is as close to the people as possible, knows their needs and problems. Therefore, the activity should be as open and transparent as possible. In fact, the top authorities in the field are representatives of local elites who prefer to leave their work in the background, hiding the true direction of their activity.

Mechanism of checks and balances

To avoid the usurpation of power allows proportional centralization and decentralization of management, which involves a strict separation of powers on the basis of the 50/50 principle. However, for the effective functioning of the mechanism, institutions specializing in control are needed. On the territory of the Russian Federation, this practice is weak, which does not allow for the proper coordination of management between different levels of government.

Centralization and decentralization of power is a matter that is most relevant for today in the territory of Russia. Only a competent distribution of powers among bodies of various levels of government will avoid possible disadvantages of this mechanism of delimitation of competence and realize opportunities.