Cosmism is Russian. Ideas of Russian cosmism

The future of mankind ... This topic has always been treated with great interest in the framework of both Eastern and European philosophical traditions. But in the second half of the 20th century, the emphasis shifted sharply: people began to not only dream of a beautiful future, but also to seek the best ways to achieve it. And on this way he had a natural question: "Is the future possible in principle?" The number of nuclear weapons on the planet and the likelihood of an environmental cataclysm do not allow an affirmative answer. The most urgent was the comprehension of difficulties in the relationship between nature and man, as well as relations between people. Thanks to the discussion of these problems, several traditions have developed. Cosmism in Russian philosophy is one of them. About him, we'll talk in this article.

Definition

The name "cosmism Russian" arose in the 60s, when people were jubilantly exulting over the exploration of outer space and appealing to the virtually forgotten heritage of Tsiolkovsky. Then it embraced a wide area of Russian culture of the late 19th - early 20th century. His most prominent representatives were: in poetry - Bryusov, Tyutchev; In music - Scriabin; In painting - Nesterov. And the philosophical direction was formed around the ideas of KE Tsiolkovsky (supported by such prominent scientists as VI Vernadsky and AL Chizhevsky) and the works of NF Fedorov.

First and foremost, cosmopolitan philosophers pondered on the further prospects of human development. Of course, because of the way of life and style of thinking of authors, their work is very different. But, despite this, they can find many common ideas that complement and develop each other and form a whole trend in the domestic philosophy.

main idea

Cosmism Russian first substantiated the idea of uniting all people, based not so much on political and ideological reasons as on moral and ecological ones. Thus, the most important feature of the philosophical direction was formed-the combination of such incompatible problems as the establishment of universal brotherhood, the conquest of the cosmos and the preservation of the environment.

Directions of Russian cosmism

There are several, but there are only five main currents. Some of them we already mentioned above. Now let's give you a complete list:

• Naturally scientific (Tsiolkovsky, Vernadsky, Chizhevsky).
• Religious and philosophical (Fedorov).
• Artistic and poetic (Morozov, Sukhovo-Kobylin, Bryusov, Odoyevsky, Tyutchev).
• Esoteric (Roerich).
• Noosphere (Shipov, Akimov, Dmitriev).

Below we will talk about the representatives of the first two areas.

The founder of cosmism

The founder of cosmism and its largest representative is Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov. He never studied philosophy professionally. Fedorov extracted money for a life first by teaching, and then by work in the library. During the life of Nikolai Fedorovich, very few of his works were published. But even these publications were enough for many philosophers and writers to admire his ideas. Particularly benevolent reviews came from AM Gorky, FM Dostoyevsky and Leo Tolstoy.

Many ideas of Russian cosmism were formulated by Fedorov in his work "The philosophy of the common cause." He believed that the cause of disharmony in the relationship between nature and man lies in the disorganization of the latter's life. And nature, because of its unconsciousness, acts as a hostile force. Only this power can be subordinated with the help of the human mind. The philosopher believed that "people should bring harmony into the world and put order in it." Due to this, the evolution of nature will turn from spontaneous into consciously regulated.

Universal regulation

Russian philosophy, Russian cosmism would have been inconceivable without Fedorov's idea of implementing universal regulation. It is necessary to bridge the gap between nature and man. At the same time, psychophysiological regulation implies the management of our inner strength. The outer one unfolds from our planet to the Universe and covers several stages:

1. Meteoric regulation (object - Earth).
2. Planetary astro-regulation (object - the solar system).
3. Space (object - the universe).

When these steps pass, mankind will be able to unite all the existing worlds of stars. By the way, Russian cosmism as a philosophical trend was born precisely because of this idea. So Nikolai Fedorovich can be called with genius a genius.

Despite the utopian nature of many of Fedorov's theories, modern cosmism (Russian) professes many of the ideas of his heritage: the projectivity of knowledge and synthesism, the regulation of social life and natural processes, the close connection of morality and knowledge, the perpetuation of human life,

The Four Principles of Tsiolkovsky

Essential influence on cosmism in Russian philosophy was rendered by Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. He is known as the original thinker, science fiction writer and herald of astronautics and rocket dynamics.

Konstantin Eduardovich believed that our world can only be explained from the cosmic point of view. The future of the world is the conquest of the cosmos by people. All our activities should focus on improving the interaction of the cosmos and man. The liberation of intelligent organisms from dependence on their habitat is one of the main tasks of evolution. Konstantin Eduardovich thought that the conquest of outer space could unite people into an integral state.

There are a number of philosophical principles on which Tsiolkovsky relied. Russian cosmism still professes them. There are four such principles. Consider them in order of importance:

• Panpsychism (recognition of the sensitivity of the universe).
• Monism (matter is one, and its properties are the same).
• The principle of infinity (the force of the cosmic mind and the universe are infinite).
• The principle of self-organization (the universe itself builds its own structure).

Noosphere of Vernadsky

Many ideas of Russian cosmism were formulated by Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. He was not only an outstanding naturalist, but also a significant thinker, and also the founder of the doctrine of the biosphere and its transition to the noosphere.

VI Vernadsky and other representatives of such a direction as Russian cosmism, believed that with the help of science mankind can subordinate itself to the universe and become responsible for its fate. This can be explained by the fact that "scientific work will become a manifestation of human geological activity, and this will create a special state of the biosphere and prepare it for transition to the noosphere." The latter thinker understood as the sphere of expansion of reasonable activity of people, aimed at maintaining life on the planet within the biosphere, then in the near-sun space and finally beyond. According to VI Vernadsky, the evolution itself prepared the entry of mankind into the epoch of the noosphere. And the main condition of this transition is the unification of creative conditions for raising the general level of people's well-being.

Solar activity of Chizhevsky

Russian philosophy, Russian cosmism received a significant impulse in the development due to the work of Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky, in which it was about the influence of solar activity on the history of mankind.

The scientist believed that the revolutionary upheavals occurred during the periods of the greatest activity of the Sun. This phenomenon is repeated with an interval of 11 years. In turn, the eleven-year cycle consists of 4 periods:

• Minimal excitability (3 years).
• Increased excitability (2 years).
• Maximum rise in excitability (3 years).
• Decrease in excitability (3 years).

Chizhevsky's theories of the influence of solar storms on the behavior of specific people and social phenomena are now very widespread.

Conclusion

So, we considered Russian cosmism as a philosophical direction. It should be noted that the man took many hundreds of years to acquire a reasonable appearance, along with a developed awareness of his own spirituality. Passing the stage of formation of the world outlook, human civilization opened new kinds of knowledge, creating new branches of philosophical views and sciences.

At the present stage, taking into account past experience, humanity has formed for itself a clear structure and identified the most useful priorities. But, as before, we did not receive answers to questions about the meaning of life and the picture of the universe on the planet. And since a person will always have a tendency to think, there will always be riddles, the answers to which are never found.