Classification of a group of soils

The surface layer of rocks, which is most exposed to the effects, is called "ground". Its properties directly depend on various external influences that can cause chemical and physical weathering, air destruction, water erosion, and temperature changes. The uppermost part of the soil, which is subject to additional effects of all kinds of biological factors, is called soil. The influence of soils in the construction of buildings, structures and roads is very high. Depending on the type and properties, the stability and durability of the land cover, technology and construction design are different.

According to the degree of destruction of earth cover and rocks, the following main groups of soils are distinguished:

1. The non-local.

2. The Rock.

The first group, in turn, is divided into several subgroups according to the degree of fragmentation: coarse clastic, clayey and sandy soils.

The coarse clastic group of soils includes a mixture of unbound particles larger than 2 mm in size with a percentage of more than 50% by weight. Sandy ground is a mixture of dry loose particles, the total mass of which does not have sufficient ductility.

Clay groups of soils are ground coverings that do not allow water to pass through, which can have a dry monolithic or cloddy state, but is plastic in the wet state. The content of clay rocks should be at least 3% of the total mass.

Rock groups of soils are divided into metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary. They have quite a rigid connection between a mixture of grains and mineral particles, which can lie in the form of a fractured layer or a solid mass.

The igneous constituent rocks have a volcanic origin and their own special classification: effluents, for example, diabase and basalt, and deep, such as syenites and granites.

Metamorphic rocks are those that have been exposed to high temperature and pressure, for example, marble, quartzite or gneiss. Such materials have an increased level of strength.

The formation of a sedimentary group of soils resulted from the deposition of particles from the input slurry, which are subsequently converted into a monolithic layer. They are either the result of chemical depositions, or of various organic processes. Similarly, there are marls, dolomite, gypsum, peat and limestone.

The conditions for the formation of sedimentary rocks have led to further classification into aeolian, water-glacial, moraine, marine and river.

Fragmentary rocks include 2 subgroups that are divided according to the nature of the interaction between the particles into cohesive (clay) and disconnected (sands and gravel).

The properties of each group of soils depend on the appearance of rocks, but they can vary considerably in chemical and mineralogical composition, the nature of the bond, the shape and size of the particles.

Thus, the soil is a dispersed multiphase system, in the natural state it has three phases: mineral constituents of rocks, water and air.