Architecture of the historical city: description and history. Architecture of a historical and modern city

Walking through the ancient streets of a village, once again convinced that the architecture of the historic city is an art. 9th grade is the time when every schoolboy has the opportunity to study an interesting course "World Art Culture". Just in his framework, and getting acquainted with this topic. What is special about the architecture of the historic and modern city? This will be discussed in our article.

City and town planning

The city is the greatest creation of the human mind, the main engine in the development of any region, country, state. It is in the cities that the most ingenious minds are concentrated, which generate new ideas and inventions.

The city differs from other settlements by a number of certain characteristics. They study the science of urban studies. But the theory and practice of planning, as well as the development of cities - this is the field of interest of urban development.

Urban development is the development and creation of urban systems, their reconstruction and improvement of the human living space.

The architecture of the historic city ("Art", Grade 9)

What is a "historic city"? What are its characteristics and how does it differ from the modern one?

The Law "On the Protection and Use of Immovable Monuments of History and Culture" treats this concept as follows: a historical city is a village in which a large number of cultural heritage sites are located. It can be ancient archaeological sites, sculptural monuments, architectural ensembles and elements of ancient buildings.

In historical cities, as a rule, there are numerous cultural objects that have a certain value for society: historical, aesthetic, etc. Another distinguishing feature of such settlements is that they preserve the old (historical) planning of streets and squares.

It is important to note that the historical city is not only architecture and cultural values, but also its population. That is, people with their own set of traditions, customs, views on life. The reference to this term allows to consider a particular city as a historical, national and regional phenomenon.

The theme "Architecture of the historical city" is studied in the 9th grade of the secondary school, within the framework of the "MHK" course (world art culture).

In Russia today there are 41 settlements with the status of a historical city. Among them - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Vladimir, Derbent, Kostroma, Suzdal and others.

The architecture of the historic city: the main features

Architecture is the most useful form of art. Man began to build dwellings for himself from the most ancient times. To do this, he used those materials that were available in a certain locality. For security reasons, the villages were renovated with ramparts or walls, wicker fences.

The architecture of the historical city in the West differs significantly from the layout of the Eastern or Old Russian cities. The latter were organically integrated into the natural landscape, closely tied to the surrounding countryside. An important factor in choosing a place for the future of the city was given to the aesthetic aspect. After all, in ancient chronicles, it is often possible to meet such sayings: "... and see the place red, and having loved it, let it burn the hail on it."

The architecture of the historical city in the East differs in certain features. In the center of the eastern settlement there was a square with a mosque and a madrasah - a school for the training of teachers and ministers. An important place in the planning of the city was also given to the caravanserai - a place for street trading.

The layout of European historical cities

Traditions of urban development in the times of Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance were different. A vivid example of an ancient city in Europe is the Acropolis in Athens. In those distant times, any settlement started with the erection of a magnificent temple on a high place. Around this holy hill were laid streets, the location of which was rectangular.

A typical medieval city is a village enclosed by powerful fortifications with crenellated walls and moats filled with water. In the center of such a fortified city was built a cathedral and the main town hall.

In the Renaissance, the cities were built according to a new scheme. The streets were perpendicular to each other, and at the end of the most important of them necessarily placed any outstanding architectural structures or whole ensembles of majestic buildings. By the way, it was on this algorithm that the Russian city of St. Petersburg was built.

Features of modern city architecture

In modern architecture, completely new principles and forms of organizing free space are used. So, at the beginning of the 20th century new styles appeared in architecture - constructivism and functionalism, which sought to maximize the simplification of buildings and structures.

Today, in the cities are being built typical and very similar to each other residential houses. If earlier in cities the highest were the spiers of the Gothic cathedrals, today they are office towers made of glass and concrete. New building materials make it possible to simplify as much as possible all the constructions being erected.

How does modern architecture affect the emotional and mental state of a person? Many scientists argue that it is extremely negative, emphasizing that it has completely lost its status in the spiritual and aesthetic field of human life. Indeed, it is very difficult to enjoy the architecture of the 21st century. Faceless gray structures, traffic jams, long concrete fences, acute deficit of vegetation - all this, according to psychologists, creates an unfavorable, aggressive environment for human life.

Conclusion

Now you know the difference between the architecture of the historic city. "Art in stone and volume" - that's how poetically describes the process of building cities and villages. This is really an art that requires significant creative effort and great knowledge.

The architecture of the historical city (grade 9) is an unusually interesting topic. The process of planning and building settlements was significantly different in different historical epochs.