Often, many - both schoolchildren and their parents - have questions about the spelling of suffixes. Today we will talk about the suffix "k". Many people, not knowing its meaning, make a lot of mistakes in the spelling of words that contain it. So, let's dig a little into the jungle of the grammar of the Russian language, consider how to correctly write some suffixes.
An interesting history of this suffix
To begin with, you can consider the history of the occurrence of this part of the word. The suffix "to" arose long ago. It can be found, for example, in the names of the streets of Moscow (Ilyinka, Sretenka, Solyanka). Usually, any word with the suffix "k" was used by people to reduce and generally understand some complicated concepts. So people began to call the horse railroad a "horse". Also this part was formed from phrases. For example, we will analyze the formation of the word "postcard". What is it? The usual open letter. Hence the name went. Or take this example: the word "spoon". It was formed from the root of "lies", which carries the meaning of "impose". And so on..
The opinion of philologists about the suffix
However, some philologists believe that any word with the suffix "k" spoils our speech, litter it with vulgarisms. Thus, beginning around the eighteenth century, words such as "canteen", "smoking room", "snuff" and so on appeared in the language. To the clerks of the classical Russian language, such reductions and simplifications were not to taste. Indeed, words can not be classed as "vulgarisms" simply because they do not like someone. Note that the above examples are used or used to simplify hard-to-pronounce words, or words with this suffix are formed from word combinations.
The meaning of this suffix
Now let's look at the value of the suffix "k". What words can he form? First, this particle acts as an indicator of a diminutive form. For example: "foot", "pen", "book", "mouse", "baby" and so on. These words are vivid examples of how a diminutive suffix "k" can be used. Secondly, with the addition of "k", nouns of the feminine gender are formed, derived from the name of occupations or occupations that have a masculine gender. For example: athlete - athlete; Student - student; Lodger - the lodger; Retired pensioner. Thirdly, this particle forms words denoting objects with which help some actions are performed. A simple word with the suffix "to" - "grater", and also "receipt", "tincture" and so on. Fourthly, with the help of "k" words are formed that denote an action. For example, "breakage", "bargain", "hand-craft". Fifthly, sometimes "k" acts as a suffix, allowing to express an objective evaluation of any object or action. Sixth, the notorious "to" appears in the names by belonging to the profession (in the female gender), nationality, place of residence. For example, "Russian woman", "Ukrainian", "Egyptian" and so on.
Words with the suffix "k" are examples, as well as the rules for using "k" and "sk"
Also the suffix forms new words from adjectives. For example, with its help you can get a brief form of the adjective ("daring - bold", "sharp - harsh"). He forms adjectives from nouns ending in K, H, C ("kulak - kulak", "weaver - weaving"). Now let's talk about similar particles, bearing in mind the suffixes "k" and "ck". Their spelling should be given special attention. So, the suffix "ck" should be used in relative adjectives. Relative adjectives can not form a short form. For example: "French - French", "Circassian - Circassian", "Tatar - Tatar", "Jewish - Jewish". Remember that the last letter of the stem is always saved (review and analyze the examples again).
Brief and relative adjectives are their formation with the suffix "k"
The considered part is written in adjectives that form a short form, and also after the letter "ts" ("weaving", "Turkish"). Here are words with the suffix "k" (examples): "close - close", "low - low". There are cases when the basis of the word ends in "n" or "ry". In this case, do not write a soft sign before "ck". For example: "Siberia - Siberian", "Tyumen - Tyumen." There are exceptions to this simple rule: the relative adjectives that have come from the names of the months of the year. For example: "November", "December", but - "January", as well as "day-day", "Tien Shan" and so on.
Spelling rules for "to" and "ck" with examples
If the stem of the word from which the adjective was formed ends in the letters "d", "m", "c", then these consonants are always preserved before "ck" or "k". For example: "city - city", "German - German". In the event that the stem ends with "k", "h", then in the adjectives "q" is written before the letter "k". The word with the suffix "k", formed according to this rule: "fisherman - a fisherman" or, for example, "weaver - weaver". Note that the soft sign in the suffix "ck" is written after "l" (an example is "Urals"), as well as in adjectives formed from the names of the month. Also, the suffix "k" forms words with a comical or disparaging tinge. For example, if we add "k" to the basis of the verb in the past tense, a feminine noun is formed, whose meaning is "one who performs the action indicated in the text." This noun has a tinge of neglect or joking ("sitting - nurse", "cook - varilka", "thought - think"). We have considered in some detail how the suffix "k" is used, examples clearly illustrate the given rules.
Verbal suffixes
Now we will talk about the suffixes of verbs. In Russian they are divided into word-formative and form-forming. The former form new words, the latter - only change their form or time. The word-formative suffixes are ova, eva, ivy, willow, va, evvyva, en (et) ". Forms include suffixes "l", "xia" ("c"), "t" ("ti"), and also a zero suffix. Now let's look at each suffix separately and consider in which case each one is written.
Word-forming suffixes
So, the word-forming "ova" and "eve." These suffixes are written and used in the case when the verb is in an indefinite form, in the past tense. Or it is in the form of the first person, in the singular, in the present or future time. The verb must end with "yuu" ("yuyu"). For example: "I yearn for - yearn for," "I relish - savor", "preach - preach (preach)," "command - command." Exceptions: "to reconnoiter - to reconnoiter", "to try and taste", "to observe - to see", "to find out - to find out". Never confuse the spelling of verbs in which the suffix "wa" is combined with the preceding vowel "e / i".
Proper use of "yewa" and "willow"
Suffixes "yewa" or "willow" are written when the verb stands in an indefinite form and in the past tense (or in the first person), singular, in the present or future time. The verb must end with "I'm going" or "I'm going". For example: "I insist - insist", "forge - forge." Another suffix - "va" - is always percussive in verbs. Note that it can easily be confused with almost identical "eva" or "willow". Look for an example: "to embrace - embrace," "watered - watered," "screwed in," "late," "viewed." Exceptions are the following words: "stuck", but "stuck", "corrupt", but "corrupt". The suffix "yovyva" is considered a shock. A very simple rule - after sizzling always write the letter "E"! Simple examples: "uprooting", "obscure".
The spelling of the verbal suffixes "en", "l" and some others
Already called "en" or "en" are written in verbs that are formed from nouns. They are also quite common and often found in intransitive and transitive verbs. It should be remembered that in the intransitive is written "en" ("et"), and in the transitional - "en" ("it"). Here are simple and easy to remember examples: "freeze", "green", "blue", "stone." Suffixes "and" and "e" are still quite common, their use depends on the transitivity-intransitivity of verbs. For example: "dehydrate - dehydrate," "bleed", "deforest." So, if the verb itself is a transitive one, then "and" is written. If the verb is intransitive, then "e" is written. But any rule has exceptions, here they are: "stuck", "eclipse", "prolong".
A bit about form-building suffixes
A vivid representative of these suffixes is "l". He clearly points to the past tense of the verb. Also does not enter into the basis of the word. Remember that before him you should write the same vowel as in an indefinite form. Look: "lead away - withdraw", "hide - hid", "substituted - substitute." It is impossible not to mention in our article the suffix "Xia" ("sh"). First, it is called recurrent and always forms the basis of the word. For example: "removed", "returned", "became", "bathed". And, on the other hand, the suffix "ti" ("ti") never forms the basis of a word, it occurs only in the infinitive of the verb. Consider the examples: "lie down", "graze", "serve", "withdraw", "hide", "look". It is also worth considering a zero suffix, it is usually found in the verbs of the past tense of the indicative masculine gender of the singular, as well as in the verbs in the conditional inclination of the masculine singular, in the verbs of the imperative mood. Here are examples of such words: "give up," "sun," "get up."
The diminutive and affectionate suffixes of the Russian language
Diminutive suffixes - why are they needed? And then the answer: we use these suffixes to communicate with children, animals, conditionally, of course, when we try to minimize anything. As soon as the child begins to talk, it is best that he learns words with diminutive caressing suffixes, those that he so often hears from parents or educators. The most common among them are words with particles: "yishk" ("ishk"), "ushk" ("Yushk"). Here the main thing - it is appropriate to use suffixes. And now more about them, we'll start with "ek." Examples may be the words: "man is a man", "bag is a bag". Often this suffix is written incorrectly. In order to prevent the occurrence of errors, it is sufficient to know that "ek" is written if the vowel sound is dropped when the words are coded by case. Another similar one is "ik". You can give examples and with it: "belly - tummy", "rabbit - rabbit". In general, the number of such particles is huge in Russian, and they can not be listed in one article. We have only considered some suffixes of verbs and nouns, examples of their use and application. We hope this helps you to write competently and without any mistakes.