A vowel after a vowel. Vowels after sizzling

Vowels in Russian are few, but there are a lot of spelling rules concerning them. These letters are found in different parts of the word and in combination with different consonants. Vowels cause a special difficulty after hissing. There are a lot of rules here, we will try to systematize them and give concrete examples. The iotated vowel also causes much controversy. After a vowel of this kind, as a rule, a separating soft sign is written . Usually a letter is considered a spelling, which stands in a weak position (ie under stress), but in combination with hissing and strong position can cause many questions. Therefore, we will analyze the rules for vowels in both strong and weak positions.

Ioted Vowels

First, let's analyze what an iotated vowel is. After a vowel, at the beginning of a word or before a hard or soft sign similar letters are pronounced with the sound [d] in the beginning: [yo] f (hedgehog), vran '[yo] (lies), ple [da] da (pleiad). This e, e, y, I , as well as. The last vowel after the vowel has the iotized design, as well as the beginning of the word, but either after the soft and solid signs - no. For example, Zina [yi] da (Zinaida), but [and] the mountain.

E after the vowel also gives the iotated sound: according to [ye] hal, in [ye].

Letters a, y after sizzling

The use of the term "hissing consonants" is quite common. What does it mean? These are the sounds that, when articulated, are accompanied by a characteristic hissing design. This is w, w, w, h, c .

It should be said that initially they had a pair of softness or were always firm, but with the development of the language they lost either a pair (for example, [x], [w]) or from originally hard steel soft ([h]).

This explains the vowel that stands after them. After a vowel, a standing hissing, as a rule, does not affect anything. So, after sibilants, only a or y is always written (the use of i or y is considered a gross mistake). For example: Jacqueline, jasmine, spooky, screw, shawl, sorrel, pike, thicket, gull, heron, tsunami.

This rule does not apply to words of foreign origin, some names and toponyms: brochure, Jules, Qianjian, parachute, jury, Kotsyubinsky, Steponavichyus.

Spelling and, after sizzling

It should be remembered that after all sibilants, except for q , only the letter and are written. After a vowel, any consonant or other vowel sound can go .

For example: fat, animal, life, wide, fascist, kids, shield, raincoats, bream, cleaning, swords, read.

There are exceptions in the rule, they concern names of own, in them can be written. For example, the Vietnamese name is Chuong.

And or in combination with ц

We will analyze what vowels should be written after ts . The letter s is written in the following cases:

1. If it stands at the end of a noun or an adjective. For example: three capitals, stalwarts, oars, furry fur, a narrow-faced person, pickled cucumbers.
2. In the names of their own and nominal, having the suffix -in or-tsyn-: Tsaritsyno, Golitsyn, fox tail, martenin fur.
3. In some words, exceptions: the gypsy (and all its derivatives), chicken, snort, on tiptoe.

In surnames and or after the ts is not regulated by the rule, only the title documents, in which the correct spelling is indicated. Suppose, in the surnames Kunitsyn, Staritsyn is written s , and Yeltsin or Vitsin must be written through and .

Now let us analyze the cases when after u it is required to use and . These are all those that do not fall under the rules listed above.

• The roots of words (except for the exceptions listed in paragraph 3 of the previous rule). For example: figure, circus, tsigeyka, specific, cylinder, Tsiolkovsky, vaccine.
• Suffixes of foreign origin: constitution, revolution, organization, interpretation, medicine, routing, calcite.
• As a ligament between parts of the complex word and in abbreviations also written: VTsIK, spetsintreview, blitsinform.

The impact position o, e in combination with the hissing

In a strong position for the transmission of sound [e] after sibilants, one should write e . For example: pearls, tin, whispers, rustle, crevice, rubble, purpose, centner, jaw, honor.

Vowels o / e after sibilants are subject to their own rules. First, we will analyze when to write about .

1. If it is part of the ending of nouns or adjectives (barge, melee, shoulder, gun, stranger, big), as well as the suffix of adverbs: hot, fresh.
2. If is a suffix of the noun. Let's list the variants of such morphemes: -ok- (buddy, circle, patty, jump); -onk (a little book, a little paper, a little girl, little girls, little boys, kegs); -onek - / - chonok- (keg, galchonok, a hare, a badger); -onish (as a rule, these are common words: yonysh, malyshonysh); -sov- (plaschovka, fighting, small things); -ob- (slum, thicket); -Out- (ratchet) and the last suffix -sovshchin-requires endings a : stabbing.
3. If it is a suffix of the adjective -ov-: penny, walrus, brocade. This includes the nouns derived from these words, ending it -sovka - / - lambskin: an officer, brocade, penny, pear, rechovka. Also the suffix -ov-is often found in surnames. Here you should focus on documents, data at birth. So, Borshchov and Borshchev, Khrushchov and Khrushchev, Kumachov or Kumachev can write.
4. If it is an adverb or an adjective with a suffix, it's okay: little-boy (little-tongue), fresh-looking (freshly). These words are vernacular.
5. If it is fluent in nouns and adverbs: zhor (guzzle); Burn (burn); Rozhon (rozhna); Guts (intestines - genitive case).
6. If the word is borrowed and the vowels after sizzling at its root: joker, shorts, anchovy, major, Joyce (proper names also obey this rule).

When under stress should I write e?

We list the cases when, after the sibilant root, we should write e :

1. In the verb endings 1 person -em (baking, shearing, lying), 2 persons-you / -e (burn, lie, peck, burn, lie, bake) and 3 faces -et (bake, lie, burn).
2. If the verb ends in -evy: chew, delimit; In participles formed from such words: delimited, decapitated; Verbal nouns: demarcation, gloss.
3. If the word - a noun, formed from the verb: to spend the night - spending the night, to root - to root, to extinguish - stew, to migrate - to migrate.
4. If the word suffix -er (as a rule, it means any activity): a boyfriend, a conductor, a traveling salesman, an intern, a simulator.
5. If the word passive participle: baked, muffled, submerged, set on fire.
6. If you can pick up a word where the root is clearly heard e . Lattice - sieve; Brush - bristles; Wool - wool; Chewed - chewed; Hard - hard; Liver - liver; Perch - pole; Acorn - (no) acorns; Bangs (brow - obsolete "forehead"); Whispering - whispering; Dandy - flaunting; Cheeks - cheek. It should be noted that there are proper names that do not lend themselves to this rule.
7. In the interrogative-relative pronoun that, used in the prepositional case (about what), also derivative words (at all, about nothing, and moreover).

O and e in unstressed position

As for spelling o or e in unstressed position, it is necessary to remember that in a weak position one should write that letter which is heard in the strong one. This applies to the roots: tin - tin; Wool - wool; Yellow - yellow; And suffixes: key, cloak, scourge; And the endings: the husband, the watchman, the red.

It is necessary to remember foreign words, in which in unstressed position is written about : majordomo, highway, shock, lecho, Chopin, poncho, banjo and others. Their spelling should be checked against the spelling dictionary.

If a word has a prefix between, and the root begins with a vowel in a weak position, then one should write about : interbranch, interorbital. Also this rule applies to complex words: leather and footwear.

O and e combined with ц

After the letter q, those standing in a weak position o and e are checked by a strong position: to assign - to cedit, to censorship - to the censor, to the workshop - to the workshop. Also: pepper, fighting, pollen.

Words of foreign origin may contain unstressed after t : mezzo, scherzo, duke.

To co-write is written through o (chocot).