A complex noun. Rules for the fusion and hyphenic spelling of complex nouns

The formation of complex nouns occurs by combining into a single semantic whole several (usually two) independent parts. In their role can act different parts of speech, both independent and official. Their display on the letter has its own peculiarities. We'll talk about how to write such words, today.

First, let's say that there are options. A complex noun in the Russian language can be written either through a hyphen, or merged, or separately. The principle that lies in distinguishing these options is the selection of words on the letter. Words are separated by spaces, and parts of them are written together. However, the application of this rule has its own peculiarities. The fact is that in a language, integral words and their combinations are not always sufficiently clearly contrasted. Therefore, in addition to separate and merged spelling, there is a semi-delimited, or hyphenated. The hyphen is used to separate words into parts (for example, firebird), or it combines the parts of the word combination (a science fiction writer) into one whole. After reading this article, you will learn how to correctly write a compound noun.

Merge Writing

The words that are formed with the use of connecting consonants are fused in words. This includes all formations with auto-, air-, air-, cinema-, moto-, photo-, auto-, electro-, meteo-, stereo-, agro-, hydro-, micro-, bio-, zoo-, Neo-, macro. There are many examples, here are just some of them: flax harvesting, farmer, water supply, airport, motorcycle race, car rally, photo report, electric motor, cycling, macro world.

Complex nouns are merged together, if they are declined and their first verb part ends in -i. Examples: dzhiderelevo, gorisvet, vertisheika, derzhimorda, skopidom, vertichvostka, daredevil.

Dash spelling

A hyphen should be written in a complex noun if it has the meaning of one word and consists of 2 nouns that are used independently, connected by vowels e or o. Examples: fighting-woman, fire-bird, cafe-restaurant, diesel engine, major general, prime minister, Buryat-Mongolia. Note that in this case, when the word is declined, only the second noun changes.

The following examples apply to this rule: purchase and sale, a hut-reading room, a saw-fish, a good-looking boy, a Moscow river. However, in these cases, both nouns change with declension.

In addition, the hyphen should write the names of political lines and parties that are composite, as well as their supporters. Examples are: the Social Democrat, Social-Democracy, anarcho-syndicalism, anarcho-syndicalist.

Complex units of measure

A hyphenated spelling is true if we are dealing with complex units of measure. It does not matter whether this compound noun is formed with the help of a connecting vowel or it is not. Examples: kilowatt-hour, ton-kilometer, man-day. However, from this rule there is an exception - this is the word workday , which should be written together.

Other cases of hyphens writing

We continue to consider the spelling of complex nouns. A hyphen should be put in the case of the names of foreign-speaking and Russian intermediate sides of the world. Examples: north-east, north-east , etc.

Through a hyphen, combinations of words are written that have the meaning of nouns in the case if the composition of these combinations includes:

A) a verb used in a personal form (a flower you love-you do not love , a plant does not-touch me );

B) the union (plant ivan-da-marya );

C) a pretext ( Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Rostov-on-Don, Frankfurt am Main ).

Foreign-language elements often have their own characteristics. Their use in various rules is often specified separately. In our case, the hyphenic spelling of compound nouns is true, if their first component is foreign-language elements of non - commissioned, ober-, vice-, headquarters-, ex- . Examples include the following: a medical doctor, a non-commissioned officer, an ober-master, an ex-champion, vice-president, headquarters.

Spelling of complex nouns, the first part of which is half-

If the first part of the compound word is half (in the meaning of "half"), and then the noun in the RP, which begins with a consonant " l" or with a vowel of a letter, then a hyphenated spelling will be correct. Examples: half-apple, half-turn, half-lemon. In other cases, complex nouns are written together. Examples: half an hour, half a meter, half a room. However, if after a half-a proper name follows , it will be appropriate to use a hyphen in case you have complex nouns before you. Examples: half of Europe, half of Moscow . Always words that begin with a semicolon are always merged . Examples: semicircle, stop, half a verst from the city.

Application Selection Features

If a word is immediately followed by a single-word application, a hyphen should be placed between them. Examples: Anika-warrior, Masha-rezvushka, mother-old woman.

If a single-word application, which by value can be equated to an adjective, follows the word being defined, a hyphen is not set. Example: handsome son.

If the application or the word to be defined is itself written through a hyphen, it is not put between them. Example: the Social Democrats of the Mensheviks.

Russian compound surnames

A hyphen should write compound surnames that were formed by adding two personal names, that is, when they combine to form complex nouns. Examples: Skvortsov-Stepanov, Rimsky-Korsakov, Andersen-Nexe, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, and others .

Personal nicknames and names combined with nicknames are written with them separately. Examples: Ants Hangman, Vanka Cain, Ilya Muromets .

Foreign language surnames

It is necessary to put a dash between the parts of the word, if we are dealing with foreign-language compound names with the first part of Saint- or Saint- . Examples: Saint-Saëns, Saint-Just, Saint-Simon , etc. Oriental personal names (Arabic, Turkic, etc.) should also be written with a final or initial component indicating the social status, relationship, etc. Examples: Osman Pasha, Izbail-bey, Tursunzade, Ibn Fadlan, and others.

However, it should be clarified that the hyphens, the first part of which is don , are written only in cases where the main part of the name is not separately used in the Russian language. Examples: Don Quixote, Don Juan . However, if the word "don" has the meaning "lord", it should be written separately. Examples: Don Basilio, Don Pedro.

We must also take into account that particles and articles, which are parts of foreign names, are written without a hyphen, that is, separately. Examples: le Chapelle, von Bismarck, de Valera, de Coster, Lope de Vega, Leonardo da Vinci, von der Goltz, Baudouin de Courtenay. Particles and articles without which names of this type are not used, it is necessary to write through a hyphen. Example: Van Dyke.

It should be said that some other foreign names have their own peculiarities in the Russian transmission. Particles and articles in them are written together, despite the fact that their writing can be separated in the appropriate languages. Examples: Delisle, Decandol, Lagarp, Lafontaine . Writing complex nouns that are names of their own foreign origin, as you can see, has many nuances. We examined the main of them, it remains only to talk about the latter.

It is necessary to take into account that the names of different categories are not connected by hyphens to each other, like the Russian surname, name and patronymic. Example: Guy Julius Caesar .

Let us now turn to the features of the mapping of geographical names on the letter.

Geographical names consisting of two nouns

They are written through a hyphen in case they consist of two nouns. Examples: Kamenets-Podolsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Heart-Stone . The same applies to words consisting of a noun and the adjective following it. Examples: Gus-Khrustalny, Mogilev-Podolsky, Moscow-Commodity.

Other cases of hyphenic spelling of geographical names

A hyphen should also write combinations consisting of a particle or an article with a significant part of speech. You can give the following examples: the Bay of De Castries, the city of La Carolina, the city of Le Creusot.

The hyphens are written the names of the settlements in the case if they are part of the first part: upper, salt, ust , etc. The same applies to some names with the first part of the lower, upper, old, new - and so on, except in cases when on a geographic map or in reference books a coherent spelling has been fixed. Examples: Verkh-Irmen, Sol-Iletsk, Ust-Abakan, Novo-Vyazniki , but: Maloarkhangelsk, Novosibirsk, Novoalekseevka, Starobelsk .

If geographical names that are composite are formed from the names of parts of a geographical object using a connecting vowel or without it, then in this case a dash is also placed. Examples: Alsace-Lorraine, Austria-Hungary. An exception is Czechoslovakia .

Separate spelling of geographical names

However, geographical names in a number of cases should be written separately. This applies primarily to words consisting of an adjective, followed by a noun; Or if the noun follows the numerals. Examples: Nizhny Tagil, White Church, Seven Brothers, Yasnaya Polyana .

Also, it is necessary to write nouns in case they are combinations of name and patronymic, name and surname. Examples: Erofey Pavlovich station, Lev Tolstoy village.

Names of cities with the second part -grad or city

The city names are merged in the case if the second part of them serve as a city or a city . Examples: Ivangorod, Uzhhorod, Belgorod, Kaliningrad, Leningrad .

Writing options

It should be noted that in the writing of some complex words that appeared in the language recently, there are fluctuations. Examples: car place and car place, ton kilometer and tonne-kilometer, tonnage and tonnage-day . These spelling variants are explained by the presence in them of connecting vowels ( tons-of-kilometer, machine-of-place ). Thus, they are influenced by the general rules for writing complex words. It is preferable to write them together.

So, we have considered the merging and hyphenic spelling of complex nouns. Of course, we have analyzed only the main cases. In this thread there are many nuances, so you can improve in it for a long time. However, we outlined the basic information, and in most cases it is enough to write intelligently complex nouns.