What is a historical song? Historical songs: 8 class. Historical Song: Definition

Ancient Russia ... You close your eyes, and the picture seems to be: an old man, a storyteller with a harp behind his back, walking in a long polished shirt, belted with a patterned cord, next to him is a guide boy. The dry wind waves the feather grass, and they move along the steppe towards the squad, before which they will sing the majestic tonic verses, singing and exiting, glorifying mighty warriors, raising the military spirit ... And then they will go on, spreading the news about the greatness of the warfare of the defenders of their native land . And also - Ilya Muromets on the heroic three-colored horse, stands like a rock against the adversaries of the Russian Land. One against an incalculable host, against evil spirits such as Nightingale the Robber, Idolishche, Tugarin ...

Historical songs: Grade 8

This topic is included in the curriculum of general education institutions in the "Literature" section for grade 8. Therefore, this publication will be useful for teachers and students. The main issues that will be considered in the article:

1. The origins of the historical song: epic.
2. What is a historical song.
3. Genre accessory and features. The difference between the songs and the epic.
4. Correlation of historical processes and content of songs.
5. Basic cycles.

Bylina is the forerunner of the historical song

Someone, perhaps, will ask in surprise: "And where are the epics, because the article is about what is a historical song?". The answer is simple: it was the epics, with their melodiousness, special versification, called epic, which, paradoxically, mythological, anticipated the development of a later kind of folk art - a historical song. They have much in common, for example, a form of versification, a building with chants and repetitions, especially in early versions of songs, and they are related to the same section of literature - to oral folk art. Why are they divided into two different genres? We invite you to the virtual lesson "Historical Songs: Origins and Development", let's try to figure it out together.

Definition

What is a historical song? The definition is as follows: lyric-epic oral folk songs dedicated to historical events. In comparison with the epic they are smaller. Unlike the epic, they lack the element of mythologization of heroes' images. But in the period of their inception and development, both of these genres were called the same: "antiquities". The first historical songs date from the first half of the 14th century. Early songs were about the invasion of Tatar-Mongols into Russia and oppression of the people, which the conquerors did. For example, the story of the Tatar captivity in Avdotya Ryazanochka.

Genre features

What is a historical song in literature is a definition that until now remains conditional: philologists are still arguing about whether these works of folk art are a separate genre. There are among scientists who believe that historical songs are simply different genre works, united by one theme. The following definition was a compromise: it is a single genre with different groups of songs, not similar in structure. After all, they developed over a period of four centuries, from the fourteenth to the nineteenth centuries. Therefore, historically, the songs that are now called "early songs" differ significantly from what they composed in the 19th century in themes and in form.

XIV-XV centuries

The impetus that served to develop the genre of the historical song was the capture of Russia by the hordes of nomads and an uneasy life under the yoke of strangers who killed, robbed, and stole people.

The song "Shlikan Dudentievich" is created, in which it was told about the rebellion of the Tver inhabitants against the Tatar Chol-khan and his hordes, and the cycle about the capture of Batu Ryazan by the khan.

XVI century

During this period the historical song becomes the main musical genre. Remember the scene from the comedy "Ivan Vasilievich changes his profession"? Singing singing about the "dog - Crimean Khan" during the feast is a usual phenomenon of that time, and this song is a real vocal work "And not a strong cloud wasted away", which tells about the Tatars raid and the Battle of Mlodja.

The emergence of a young, centralized state, the colorful Tsar Ivan the Terrible, his activities: a progressive international and eerie, despotic inner conquest of Siberia's Ermak - this is what people were singing about then.

Cycles of historical songs of the XVI century: "On the seizure of Kazan", "On the murder of Tsarevich Ivan the Terrible," "On Ermak"

XVII century

The beginning of the XVII century in history is called "Time of Troubles". During this period of Russian history, a lot of tragic events occur: Poland attacks Rus, Ivan the Terrible dies, the battle for the Russian throne begins, a series of impostors appears. The most famous of them are False Dmitriy, Grigory Otrepiev. To top it all off, there is a powerful popular uprising led by Razin.

Historical songs of this period as a mirror reflected all the vicissitudes of history. For the first time people began to sing about the release of the unjust king from power, and the hope for a better future sounded. A cycle of songs about Razin was formed.

In addition, the theme of protection of the southern borders of Rus from the Janissaries and Tatars sounds: "The Azov Prisoner", "The Oversight of the Cossacks". The exploit of ordinary people who fought against "the enemies of the Russian land" is exalted: songs about Minin and Pozharsky.

XVIII century

In Russia, the VIII century reforms of Peter I completely change the way of life of many people. The attitude of the people to what's happening in the country is ambiguous: the introduction of European customs, incomprehensible and alien, increases the burden on ordinary people who are sent to work in the shipyards and construction of Northern Venice massively, introduce new canons of faith, brutally suppress any attempt to stir up a riot: wretched fate of rebellious streltsy. But at the same time there are people from the simple class who have become approximate to the tsar, "have become entangled in people." The Russian state grows into the Russian Empire and becomes a strong country, able to stand up. Later, after a series of palace coups, the brilliant era of Catherine begins, during the reign of which a peasant war broke out under the leadership of Pugachev.

Accordingly, all this is reflected in the historical songs. Especially popular are the songs "About Tsar Peter". It is significant that fairy tales are composed about Peter I.

The shock of the peasant war resulted in a song cycle about Emelian Pugachev.

The bright military star of Suvorov also served to create many legends and songs about this commander. The song about soldiers, their valor gained popularity.

XIX century

The time has come when the historical song for the people acquired the status of "old". At this time the old songs are re-singing in a new way. Plots for new works added Russian-Persian (1804-1813), Patriotic (1812), Russian-Turkish (1828-1829) war. In the songs of this time such commanders as Kutuzov, Nakhimov, Platov are featured.

However, it was in the XIX century that the Old Russian epic began to be actively recorded and studied by folklore scholars, a definition of what a historical song was, and a classification by themes. At the beginning of the 20th century, thanks to the efforts of the researcher-enthusiast Miller and the Academy of Sciences, the first song collection, which included works of the 16th and 17th century, was released.

The role of historical songs in culture

Epic heritage of Russia, in particular historical songs, a huge layer of original culture. First, they have a truly popular soul, and this is important for preserving the memory of their roots. Secondly, the songs are of great interest to historians and philologists, as they help to more accurately represent the events of ancient times, to find out what changes the Russian language has experienced over many hundreds of years, to explore the ancient poetic forms.

Conclusion

For the best mastering of the voluminous literary theme "Historical Songs", the 8th grade must be tuned to repeat the lessons learned in the lessons of history. The ideal option for conducting classes on this topic is integrated lessons "Literature - History", "Literature - Music".