Variety of nodes: types, types, schemes and their application. What are the nodes? Knitting knots for "dummies"

Nodes in the history of mankind appeared very early - the oldest known ones were found in the territory of Finland and belong to the late Stone Age. With the development of civilization, the methods of knitting also evolved: from simple to complex, with division into species, types and spheres of use. The biggest category in terms of number of variations is the sea knots.

The role of knots in culture and religion

There were peoples whose methods of binding ropes were endowed with mystical properties, were used in the lives of representatives of all walks of life. There were also civilizations, in which they were tabooed. The most famous example of the latter is Ancient Rome: the priests in the temple of Jupiter were forbidden to have at least one knot in their clothes.

Many peoples of the world had cultic, sacred knots: the Chinese "knot of happiness", the emblem of the tribe of Judah in Judaism, the bandaging of locks of hair and tying a knot on a beard from Arabs and others.

Background

A big impetus to the cause of knitting was the development of sailing navigation - the need for reliable and convenient "tools" created a whole collection of new knots. Another big shift occurred in the XIX-XX centuries with the development of tourism.

By that time sailing navigation had become a hobby area, and the sea knots had simply disappeared - now about 38 knots are being studied in seaworthy schools. Meanwhile, in Ashley's book on knots, published in 1944, 700 variants of tying ropes are described, and the maximum known number of them reaches 4000. However, when tourists appeared, everything changed.

The development of specific types of recreation (mountaineering, speleotourism, sport fishing) caused forgotten and "created" new types of ligaments.

Knitting knots became a kind of sport - one of the records in it was registered in the "Guinness Book of Records" in 1977, certifying that the American Clinton R. Bailey Sr. knotted six knots in 6.1 seconds.

Where nodes are used

The scope of their application includes all aspects of human life. Nodes literally accompany us everywhere - with their help knotted bows on shoes, hats, ties, a wound dressing, with their help keep the animals on the leash and hair in the hair. The sea knots are still running in sailing.

In mountain, water sports, speleoturizm and alpinism nodes are found at every step. They are also a part of fishing, hunting, creating decorative ornaments and clothing. At the same time, each type of activity requires its kind of nodes.

Types of loops and connections

Knitting knots strictly obeys the laws of topology - at the heart of any most complex node is a simple node. Hence the first classification emerges - the bundles are simple (basic) and complex.

Any node can be divided into a combination of two elements - the creation of curved forms of rope (construction) and the formation of additional curvatures in the process of contraction (formation).

Compression leads to compression, deformation of the rope in the place of adhesion. As a result, the rope with the knot is less durable to break than without it. This leads to another method of classification - in terms of reliability.

"Practical" and decorative

One can also single out one more general classification - the division into node types by functionality. In other words, the nodes are divided into used for some work and decorative.

The latter are excellent for decorating gifts, bouquets, elegant decoration of clothes, creating jewelry. Among them, a special place is occupied by mizuhiki: with their help one can create works of art of any shape and purpose - from ornaments in the form of butterflies and cranes, to rich loops and ornament on clothes.

There are other classifications - depending on what is associated with, from the appointment, etc.

Classification of nodes, types

In general, these types of nodes are distinguished:

• To bind the ropes to each other;
• To tie the rope to the support;
• Loops;
• Auxiliary (for the creation of support, weighting, retention of loops rope bays, etc.);
• Tie ties;
• Decorative.

The first, in turn, can be divided into: knots for binding ropes of the same diameter, of different diameters, running (for the mobile fastening of parts of the same rope), conductor and special ones.

This, however, does not limit the answer to the question of what nodes are. Their special knots are in alpinism and fishing, among ornamental there is also a huge variety of compounds.

Three major sea knots

In fact, there are many "sea" nodes, the kinds of which were needed and popular in the time of sailboats, but lost their relevance in our time. A fair amount of the bundles are no longer used, but there are three basic ones that are used almost always and everywhere. This is "talking", "vyblenochny" and "eight".

"Besedochny" knot, he is a boulin, he is also a "knot king" - does not tighten even under a strong stretch, it is easy to knit, compact, does not slip, does not spoil the rope, it does not tighten and is easily untied. It is a real king, possessing all the necessary positive qualities and having practically no drawbacks. This node is used as an insurance when climbing to a height or descending overboard, and is also suitable for connecting two ropes of the same or different diameters and materials.

The "ejection" knot is very convenient for fastening the rope to smooth surfaces, for example, to a mast or rhea. It refers to that version of the nodes, the types of which can be used boldly, without fear of problems with slipping or self-decoupling. The name was received due to the fact that for a long time they had been attached to the guy's wadding-ropes (pieces of tarred rope, which served for lifting to the masts). This node has a disadvantage - it is reliable only at constant tension. In naval work it is used for fenders, binding boats to piles.

"Eight" is a locking node, which is the basis of fifteen more complex variants. It is considered classic, and its big plus is that even with strong traction it does not spoil the rope and is easily untied. In everyday life it serves as a good way to fasten the rope handle to the bucket, to the children's sleds, strings to the bands of violins, mandolins, guitars and the like.

In addition, the types of sea knots can be divided into auxiliary ones that connect the ropes with each other and fasten the rope to the support.

Basic knots in mountaineering

In mountain sports are used similar types of knitting. Although some of them originated from marine and are known for many years, there are also "their own", developed and invented by tourists and professional athletes. In mountaineering, there are 17 main types of climbing:

• Straight (for connecting cables and ropes of the same size.) It is obligatory to use control units. Under the load, it is tightened, "creeps").
• Grapevine (from that category of knots, the kinds of which are used to bind ropes of the same and different diameters).
• Bramchkotovy (it serves to bind cables of different diameters, it is necessary to knit control knots to it).
• The conductor (application - fastening the rope to anything. It is easy to tie on any length of the cable.) Under the load, it is tightened and "creeps").
• The eight-conductor (the knotted knot does not "creep" and is not heavily tightened under load. It is used where a reliable loop is needed).
• "Hare ears" (the sphere of application is everywhere, where a good strong loop is needed.) It does not "creep", it is strongly tightened under the load).
• Bulin (it is used to attach the rope to the rings, fix it around the support. It is a good, simple and reliable knot that does not tighten under the load, but "creeps" if the load is variable).
• The Garda Loop (it is used for insurance, rope pulling and braking, works well with a loaded rope, suitable for use in any condition of it).
• Node Prusika (used for self-insurance .It does not hold on icy ropes and it is bad - on hard ones.) This knot moves freely and is tightened under load, after it is removed without complications it returns to its original state).
• Saddle ("Stirrup." It is well suited for fastening ropes to any number of supports, for example, trees.) Under load, it is not tightened and at its constant level it is completely reliable).
• The Austrian gripping knot (for pulling the rope in the organization of the ferry, freely moves, tightens under the load and returns to its original position after it is removed.) One of the most reliable knots, the types of such sliding-gripping ligaments are very popular among seamen and speleologists.
• Self-detachable (this knot is knitted from the length of the main rope and is used when pointing the ferry.It is easily unleashed even under heavy load and sufficiently reliable.In order to avoid spontaneous unleashing use a reef knot or carbine).
• The marking of the rope (a very simple and convenient way to keep the rope in order.) It is knitted on any skein of the rope, ribbons, fishing line, etc.).
• Locking ASC (the way and order of tying insurance. There are several options).
• The control ones are sliding, deaf, carbine (the main nodes in any sphere connected with the use of ropes.) Only those who do not knit the nodes that need them do not need control, their task is to prevent spontaneous unbinding of the main node. In general, they are used when there are doubts about the reliability of the main one, especially if it is tied on a wet, slippery, icy, dirty, etc. rope).

The main nodes in speleoturizme

The types of rope knots used by the speleotourists are very similar to "climbing", although depending on the team and the school, the different methods of binding can be called the main ones. However, it will not be a mistake to name the following: the straight line, the buglin, the eight (lock, double and counter), the nine, the Austrian guide, among the basic, absolutely necessary for studying all who want to be engaged in speleotourism.

Of these, all the double "eight" - almost the most used in speleo-life. If properly formed, it loosens well after the load. It is used on a sample and in many other cases.

Straight

A straight knot, also known as Heracles, represents two half-nodes, successively tied one on top of the other in different directions. This method of connection is suitable only for ropes of the same diameter - otherwise thin under load will break thick. When the rope or cable is loaded, this loop is prone to self-detachment.

The same is true if the rope gets wet - the knot can crawl. Must be used together with the control ones. On synthetic ropes unreliable, but when used correctly, it is universal and relatively easy to untie.

Known similar, but unreliable variants: teschin and baby knot. Also related to the direct are the Admiralty and Surgical Nodes.

"Eight"

One of the simplest stopping knots, which has several undeniable advantages: it is easy to knit, it looks beautiful, self-tightens, does not spoil the rope too much. For use under load, it is not suitable, because in this case it is strongly tightened and as a result it is difficult to untie it.

The "eight", like the straight knot, is known from antiquity. There is a similar to it loop with the same name, which is used in mountaineering mainly to fix the carbine on the main rope.

What are the nodes on the basis of the G-8? In general, it serves as an element of many more complex matings, for example, the counter and the double "eight".