Valuation of fixed assets. Types of assessment and classification

In a market economy, each company owns certain assets. Without this, the company could not produce goods or provide services. As part of the non-negotiable portion of assets, fixed assets are the most voluminous item. Therefore, the importance of its accounting can not be overestimated.

The profit of the company depends on the correct use of the property. How is the valuation of fixed assets, valuation types and other information any analyst should know. Correctly applying the data obtained during the research can optimize the work of the enterprise or organization.

General concept

The property of the enterprise consists of current and non-current assets. They are used in the production process. Non-current assets comprise fixed assets. They are necessary for the enterprise in the manufacture of goods, the provision of services, as well as the implementation of management activities.

These funds are in the company's use for more than 12 months (operating cycle). The enterprise needs an evaluation of fixed assets. Types of valuation are established by law. That the property was assigned to fixed assets, it must meet several conditions:

1. Component elements should participate in the production of goods, the provision of services or the performance of management activities.
2. The operating life of such facilities exceeds 12 months or the operational period.
3. The enterprise does not plan to sell these funds.
4. Such property can bring benefits in future periods.

These are the determining factors for objects classified as fixed assets. It should be noted that such property transfers its value to total costs in parts by depreciation.

Components of funds

Considering the types of valuation and accounting of fixed assets, it will be right to pay attention to their composition. According to the all-Russian classification, such funds are divided into tangible and intangible. This helps to exercise control.

The structure of the material group includes all production facilities, buildings for housing and manufacturing products. Also here include equipment, machinery and equipment. To material fixed assets (depending on specificity of activity) cattle, perennial plants and other objects are considered. This category also includes land plots and internal production roads. This list is specified and supplemented for each branch of national economy.

The group of intangible assets includes property without a material embodiment, but brings profit. The main articles of this category are research costs, software (creation of databases, computer support). It also includes intellectual property, unique projects, developments and technologies. These categories of property are subject to property rights. Objects of intangible funds are subject to patenting. Also in the structure of fixed assets include construction in progress, costs that will be taken into account in future periods.

Classification

Considering the types of valuation of fixed assets, it is necessary to pay special attention to their classification. The property of enterprises is attributed to a particular group on the basis of the type of their activity (production and non-productive).

By form of ownership, state, private and other objects are distinguished. If you take into account the participation of funds in the production process, allocate active and passive fixed assets. The latter include equipment, buildings and other property temporarily on repair, reconstruction. They can be mothballed and not operated for a while.

The property can be leased or owned. There is also a classification according to territorial location. On this basis, there are regional, regional, city and state objects.

Accounting systems

The enterprise necessarily requires an assessment of fixed assets. The types of evaluation are varied. Among them, there are either value or natural ones. Their choice depends on the research objectives. A cost approach is required to analyze the structure and dynamics of the funds. The monetary expression of fixed assets is involved in the calculation of depreciation, the cost of finished products. Such indicators are involved in the process of assessing the performance of the enterprise.

Existing types of valuation of fixed assets will allow you to look at property from different sides. The natural method makes it possible to study each article separately. The property is grouped in this case according to technological qualities. In this case, their characteristics and features are investigated.

Analysts derive such information from passport data of equipment, design indicators of structures. The result of the analysis of fixed assets by the system of natural indicators is used to calculate the production capacity, as well as assess the state of each object. The inventory number is the inventory number.

Monetary assessment allows analysts not only to know the effectiveness of using these funds, but also to plan measures to improve the organization of financial and economic activities.

Monetary valuation

Approaches to the study of fixed assets, in terms of their value, are divided into 3 main groups. This is due to the long life of the property. All existing types of valuation of fixed assets take into account the moment of time. There are only three of them. The object is considered in accounting for the replacement, original or residual value. Each approach has its own specific meaning.

Accounting is based on the original price at which the enterprise acquired each object. This includes transportation costs, customs payments, as well as costs for the erection of buildings, installation works.

In order to be able to compare the identical articles of property created at different times, their replacement cost is taken into account. To determine it, the enterprise reassesses its facilities. This approach does not take into account the depreciation of equipment or other elements. Therefore, the analysis is supported by appropriate data.

The study, which is carried out at a residual value, involves subtracting from the original value of the funds the level of their depreciation as of the valuation date.

Initial cost

The concept, classification, types of valuation of fixed assets should be studied by analysts in great detail. On this depends the correctness of the organization and control of the property of the enterprise. In accounting, the original cost is considered. This is the actual amount of the company's costs for the acquisition, construction and commissioning of an object.

The book value in this case is formed according to the data of supply contracts, settlements with suppliers, sellers, construction or installation organizations. It also includes documentation that confirms the payment of consulting services, registration fees, government, customs duties, unrecovered taxes and other similar costs.

The value of the funds for which they were entered in the financial statements is not subject to change. Only in special cases, stipulated by the legislation, it is possible to increase or decrease the data.

Recovery cost

Existing types of valuation of fixed assets allow the possibility of performing analysis at replacement cost. To do this, the property is revalued taking into account the current market conditions.

This process is unacceptable for natural objects and land. The enterprise conducts a revaluation voluntarily. This is done to reduce the tax burden.

The classification of fixed assets helps to distinguish objects and revaluation groups. Types of valuation of fixed assets allow you to keep records as close as possible to the company's operating conditions.

The recovery value does not include wear and tear on objects, but the report is necessarily supplemented with data on it. Together, this information gives the analyst, the controlling authorities to understand what part of the original value at the moment the equipment, buildings, etc. have saved. It is this figure that corresponds to the sum of fixed assets not yet transferred to the prime cost. This is a complex process, requiring a lot of time and effort.

Residual value

Modern types of monetary valuation of fixed assets are allowed to perform at a residual value. It takes into account the duration of the operation of the facility.

The residual value is calculated as the difference between the original (or revalued) value and the amount of depreciation. At the end of the term of its work, the facility is withdrawn from the enterprise for the liquidation value.

With each year of work, equipment, buildings or other property that does not participate in the turnover grows old, loses its original qualities. Wear can be physical or moral. In the first case, the structural elements are destroyed, broken. Over time, this leads to the impossibility of their exploitation. Each object has its own period of use. It is determined in the process of setting the object on balance. The closer the end of the service life, the more physical wear and tear.

Studying the types of valuation of fixed assets, it should be noted that such units of property can fully perform their functions, but still be unsuitable in the current market conditions. This is called moral obsolescence.

For example, the company purchased a new machine, which successfully worked for 2 years. Its operational period is 8 years. But for the third year the enterprise acquired an absolutely new installation, working more efficiently and at a lower cost. The first machine, as before, functions properly. But in the realities of the present time, it is inexpedient to apply it. The equipment is obsolete. Revaluation is required.

Depreciation

When studying the types of assessments of fixed assets of an enterprise, one should consider such a thing as depreciation. It is formed in the process of gradual reimbursement to the enterprise of the initial cost of equipment and other facilities. This fund is necessary to enable the enterprise to acquire new property, to update the equipment.

There are several ways to calculate depreciation. It relates to the cost of production. Amortization is calculated as follows:

1. Linear methodology can break the cost of the object into equal parts according to the period of operation. It can also be accelerated (most of the amount is compensated in the first years of operation) or slow (at the beginning of the period of use the smaller part is reimbursed).
2. Non-linear depreciation involves making a charge of a certain amount less or more each year.
3. An irregular system for each reporting period provides for a different amount of compensation.

The enterprise chooses different methods of depreciation. This is necessary for the timely renewal of fixed assets.

Market price

The concept, types and valuation of fixed assets should be considered from the position of the book value and market value of the property. In the first case, the sum of all objects is reflected in the accounting records in accordance with the receipts (including revaluation).

However, in a modern economy, market value should also be taken into account by analysts. This is the amount of funds that an enterprise can receive when selling equipment, buildings and other objects.

The calculation of this indicator is by means of a profitable, costly or comparative method. In the latter case, similar objects that are on sale are taken into account. The cost approach uses the amount of depreciation of a unit of fixed assets, as well as the price of its installation and commissioning. And the revenue method, on the contrary, takes into account the future profits that can be given to its owners by this or that object.

Efficiency of resources

Very important information provides an assessment of the organization's fixed assets. The main types of valuation allow us to consider the structure of the property, its dynamics. Also, based on research, ways are being developed to improve the profitability of the company.

To study the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets take into account both natural and cost indicators. The most important factor in this case is profitability. For its calculation, the profit (loss) for the reporting period is divided by the average annual number of fixed assets. If the result is positive, the estimated resources are used effectively.

In dynamics, the coefficient of capital productivity and capital intensity should also be studied. And the evaluation is carried out for each group of property. This allows us to find constraining development factors and eliminate them in the future.

Each financial analyst should know how the valuation of fixed assets is performed. Types of valuation allow you to look at the property of the company from different positions. The obtained data allow to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets, as well as to plan future periods.