Turning tool for metal: components, classification and purpose.

One of the most demanded tools for machining metal is the cutter. It allows you to perform many technological operations. In this article, we will consider a turning metal cutter, its constituent elements, classification and purpose.

Composite elements

There are a huge number of very different incisors, and they all consist of two parts: the holder and the working part.

The first is intended for securing the cutting tool in a machine tool, and the second is used to process the required surface.

Depending on the type of the cutter, it can be either integral or prefabricated. From the name it becomes clear that the latter is not completely cast, and the working part of the tool has a mechanical fastening of the replacement plate. When one of the cutting edges is grinding, the plate is unscrewed and turned over. If the turning cutter is solid for metal, then when blunting the cutting edge (the so-called wear), it must be refinished or repaired.

Installation and mode of operation

It is very important to properly install the cutter into the tool holder, as this will determine the quality of the product and the wear rate of the tool. It must be fixed so that the top is on the center line of the machine. The method of operation of the turning tool for metal is quite simple - it cuts off the necessary layer of metal. To do this, the cutter is fed to the part fixed in the cartridge and rotating at the required speed. As a result, chips are formed from the removed layer. For roughing, the processing allowance is chosen much more than for finishing. In addition, it should be taken into account that if the supply is too high, the surface quality of the part can be significantly reduced.

Classification

As already mentioned, there are a huge number of very different incisors.

They are classified:

• By appointment: for grinding the outer conical and cylindrical surfaces - passing, for boring holes - boring, for cutting - cutting off. With the help of a metal turning lathe, it is possible to cut the thread, grind the shaped and transitional surfaces, and thread the circumferential grooves.
• According to the material of manufacture. The thing is that the cutting part of the tool must have increased hardness, high viscosity, wear resistance and red resistance. It is for this reason that the so-called rapid speeds are used for the manufacture of certain types of turning tools - these are high-speed steels P9, P12, P6M5 and the like. Another group is tungsten-cobalt alloys VK8, VK6. The third group - instrumental steel U11A, U10A, U12A.
• According to the design parameters: solid and prefabricated, straight and bent, drawn and curved.
• In section form: round, square, rectangular.
• On the quality of processing: roughing (cutting), semi-finished and finishing (through).

Appointment

Cutters are used on turning, grooving, planing, carousel and turret lathes. Their design allows you to perform a variety of operations: turning, boring, cutting, tapping of the external and internal threads, chamfering, chiselling, hole machining, etc. It is also interesting that the prefabricated lathe, whose plates are made of carbide metals, can differ in purpose .

It is very convenient. One and the same holder can alternately attach different cutting parts and get a completely different tool. In addition, their use helps to avoid such operations as soldering and sharpening. This greatly facilitates the work and increases the life of the instrument. In order to correctly perform this or that operation with the help of a tool, the cutting regimes for each pass are calculated. They necessarily take into account the type of cutter and its material. It is from the calculations obtained that the cutting speed depends on the feed rate for turning, boring and other operations using this cutting tool.