Tiune is a servant of a prince or boyar

Tiun is a well-established generic name for a number of categories, which included personal princely and boyar servants. Even this name in Ancient Rus called the civil servants, or rather their positions in the administrative and judicial field.

Value

In Kievan Rus tiun (ttivun) was called the prince or boyar steward, steward, steward, in the Grand Lithuanian Principality and in the Moscow state until the 17th century. - the name of economic, local, church and judicial positions. The function itself has Scandinavian roots and came to the territory of Russia thanks to the Varangians (dr.-scand. Thionn). The etymology of the word shows it is very widespread: from Old Russian this word means "manager", in Ukrainian it is "supervisor", "managing estate". Tiun is also a servant of the princely court, and also the lower link of the administration in the villages.

Tiun in Russia

Tiun in Ancient Rus - is the managing director of the household, who are in the service of the boyars or princes and are in charge of order. Ognischny, later name - the palace, responsible for the house, the yard. Stable tyun, respectively, was responsible for horses and stalls, work in the stable. Field and field work lay on the rural and the raine, and so on. The Tiuns were the most necessary support and help for landowners-feudal lords in administration and court. Most of them were not free. As the "Russian Truth" says, as soon as a person took a position called "tyun", he passed into the category of those who are called by a servant. To maintain their freedom, it was necessary at the same time to conclude a special treaty. The Russkaya Pravda also speaks of the "Ytivun without a row" (this means the absence of a proper contract) as one of the sources of serfdom. Despite this, the social status of princely tyuns was very high. For killing a rural or a military man - 12 hryvnia, for killing a boyar servant - 40 hryvnia. For the prince's flamboyant is set the largest size - 80 hryvnia.

Holpa-tyun allowed to be a witness in the court, if there were no other, free, although the rule was "obedience to the slave store." In this case, the court could be conducted only personally by the prince. Secondary officials who belonged to judicial and administrative power were also called tyuns. They were appointed by princes, volostels or governors. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the number of governor's tiynas was determined by means of charter certificates. If we compare the court of secondary officials with that of the governor, then the first was the lower instance. Despite the fact that the compensation for the tiun was carried out on an equal footing, his income was not half that of the viceroy. The population rebelled against the hated officials (you can remember the uprising of the inhabitants of Kiev in 1146). In literary monuments, tyun is a mercenary oppressor of the people (for example, in the Word of Daniel Zatopnik).

Tiuny in the Moscow State and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Here the emphasis shifts from economic to managerial and judicial functions. In the 14-17 centuries. Continued to exist princely tyun, engaged in its economy. Also included in the local government and those on which lay the judicial functions. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was nicknamed by the tyuns of the great feudal lords who were responsible for the administration of the volosts (later they were called governors) and collected tribute (which at that time was still called "polyude"). In some parts of Galicia, where there were vestiges of ancient Russian law, such were elected representatives of rural communities.

Tiuns and the Church

Church tiunas were of two kinds: those who submitted to secular bishops, and those who called themselves "lords". The last group lived in the cathedral city and served with the bishop himself. According to the Decree of Stoglavy Sobor, the main responsibility of Tiun was the delivery to priests who attended the cathedral and were employed to serve liturgies, banners. The latter were the right to implement such actions. Later, the tiuns are responsible for order in the church. They watch the clergy and priest heads do their duty.

Tyna hut

Tiun, whose significance was great in the church, and the priest's elders together sat in the hut Popovskaya, and then in the Tiunskaya up to 1667. However, the state of affairs has changed. From 1674 to 1690 the patriarch Joachim was replaced by the Tien hut by order of church affairs. In 1724 it was finally closed. The bishops followed the example of the patriarch and introduced the opening of the Tynan huts or orders. The latter were responsible for the same cases relating to the diocesan administration, as in the olden days and tyun. To create assistance to the Synod in the time of Peter I, a chamber was created, which was also called the office, but the following year it was abolished.

Tiun is a man who was deprived of his freedom, but was also endowed with a large number of duties. These people followed the house, field, animals, occupied a certain position in the church or were officials.