The year of the founding of the Great Rostov, the first mention in the chronicle of 862

Rostov the Great is the oldest Russian city. Archaeologists on the banks of Lake Nero have found evidence of ancient settlements of the Neolithic times. That is why the exact year of foundation of the great Rostov can not be established. Several thousand years ago the first people settled there. Naturally, they were all pagans, their numerous temples talk about it. The year of the first mention of Rostov the Great is not so far away. "The Tale of Bygone Years" indicates the 862nd, and already in 991 the Orthodoxy came to the inhabitants of Rostov.

Christian center in the northeast of Russia

From here, the closest cities and towns spread Christianity rapidly, despite the fact that paganism resisted the innovations for a very long time. Even after eighty years in the Rostov lands for the new religion perished devotees. Thus, Bishop Leontius was killed by pagans in 1071. In addition to the religious, Rostov the Great, whose population for many years protected inner Russia from invasions of enemies from the east and north, served as the economic and political center of the Kiev principality. It was from there that the rulers came to Rostov-the sons of the Kiev princes.

The year of the founding of the great Rostov is unknown to us, but the reference is from the first mention in the "Tale of Bygone Years". And on the day of the city in 2012 celebrated the 1150th anniversary of the pearl of the "Golden Ring". Remembered the famous princes, who added glory to the city. Sons of St. Vladimir, the baptizer of Russia, also ruled here. This is the illustrious Yaroslav the Wise, later killed by Svyatopolk the Damned, and Prince Boris, who, together with his brother Gleb, the Murom prince, became the first saints. The city of Rostov the Great saw many glorious people for his long life - both great warriors and great criminals.

From Yaroslav the Wise to Andrei Bogolyubsky

The son of Yaroslav Vsevolod, the prince of Kiev, gave Rostov lands to his son - Vladimir Monomakh. Then Yury Dolgoruky ruled here , from which the city of Rostov the Great passed into the possession of Prince Andrew Bogolyubsky, famous for his righteous life. Everything would be fine, but the prince did not live here. Despite the fact that the year of the foundation of the great Rostov was much earlier, Andrew moved the capital from Rostov to Vladimir. Residents of the city were extremely offended: why not make Rostov equal to Kiev, and not Vladimir? Moreover, already under Yuri Dolgoruk Rostov was universally begun to be called Great. And yet multinational, and glorious - all the chronicles are full of epithets.

Offended boyars and bad plans. The wicked and bloody plot was woven around Andrei Bogolyubsky. Apparently, it was impossible to do this. Very soon the new cities of Rostov and Novgorod outgrew their great brethren. And today the old cities are much inferior to both the population, the area, and the development of a new - Nizhny Novgorod and Rostov-on-Don. Probably, the Lord punished. However, in those days the history of Rostov the Great was really glorious, and he wore his title more than deservedly. It was at that time the largest Russian city, located on a territory of two hundred acres.

Thirteenth century

The year of the founding of the great Rostov was far behind, when in terms of population and area it grew so much that it was second only to Kiev and Novgorod. After the brutal murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky in 1174, the inhabitants chose the Novgorod prince as their ruler, but Mstislav was not destined to take the great city under his wing.

Andrei Mikhail's brother ruled Andrei for some time, and then Vsevolod the Big Nest began to reign in Rostov and stayed on the throne of princes until 1212. Then there was a long and bloody lawsuit between his sons, even a small war happened in which Konstantin won and went to Vladimir's dining room, and Rostov accepted Yuri, defeated by him.

Two heroes

After the death of Constantine, Rostov's son Vasilko sat on the throne. Both of them - both Yuri and Vasilko - were glorious fighters and very beloved by all their subjects. Both of them perished on the same day in March 1238 in a battle with the prisoner Batu Burundai. Yuri was beheaded, and Vasilko was taken prisoner, but not for long. He refused to serve the Tatars and was executed.

These princes enlarged the list of saints who shone in the Russian land. It must be said that under their rule in the thirteenth century this land literally blossomed: the monasteries of Rostov the Great were erected, construction was conducted with might and main. The white-stone Uspensky Cathedral, which is still proud of the city, was completed by Prince Vasilko.

Scribes and Warriors

Even under Constantine, who was honored with the title of the Wise for his love of art, for his knowledge, for much reading, for the construction of churches, people's education began in Russia. In 1204 the Grigorievsky Gate is founded - the spiritual school, the first in Russia. Bishop Kirill patronized the books: with him, eleven parchment codes were produced, which we were lucky to see. The chronicle of 862 was by no means the only one where Rostov was mentioned.

And the Tatars continued their raids. Many times the Rostov army perished in battles almost completely. The city could not resist the invaders in such cases, and so it was not so often burned and ruined. Nevertheless, even in the most terrible times of the Tatar-Mongol yoke construction of the city continued, the chronicles were filled. However, the people of Rostov never completely bowed to anyone. Repeatedly there were revolts in the city against the rule of the Tatars. Once in 1320 Ivan Kalita, the Moscow prince, brutally suppressed one of them. Boyars were completely ruined. At the same time, the parents of St. Sergius were forced to move from their native city to the town of Radonezh.

Internal strife and war

Two centuries in a row - the fourteenth and fifteenth - continued the fragmentation of the Rostov principality, for this reason the political significance of the great city was increasingly falling. In 1328, even the city itself was divided into two parts between the great-grandchildren of Prince Constantine. Sretenskaya part immediately obeyed Moscow, and Borisoglebskaya was redeemed by Moscow in a hundred-plus years, Ivan III. The Battle of Kulikovo called on all Russian people. Did not stay aside and the center of Rostov the Great.

The Rostov squad rose under the banner of Dmitry Donskoy. In this battle, participated and heroically killed two Rostov princesses - Daria Rostov and Antonina Puzhbolskaya. They are buried in Rostov near the prince's court, where later the nephew of Sergius of Radonezh, Archbishop Theodore, founded the Nativity Monastery. The description of Rostov the Great of those years shows that a successful geographical location still left this city in the center of trade routes - hence the roads to the White Sea, and in the sixteenth century, England opened a sales office in Rostov.

From politics to Orthodoxy

But from the political life Rostov the Great was increasingly alienated. At the same time, his influence in the church life of the country grew and expanded. In the fourteenth century, local bishops became known as archbishops, and in 1589 a metropolitanate was established here. Troubled time brought the city incredible suffering. Only just began to rebuild the earth fortress that surrounded the center of Rostov the Great, the work was very far to the end, and the city was unprotected.

In the battle, the Rostovites and the Poles nevertheless entered, and it was extremely unequal, the chances of success were almost equal to zero. Defenders of the city, wounded and peaceful residents, survivors, took refuge in the Assumption Cathedral. Enemies came to persuade Metropolitan Filaret (Romanov, the father of the future sovereign, Mikhail Fedorovich). But the enemies of the shelters were killed, not sparing anybody. They ruined the temple itself and the whole city, the metropolitan was captivated and taken to the impostor False Dmitriy - Tushino thief. However, Filaret liked the invader, and he was awarded the title of patriarch.

Under the Romanovs

When the Poles with the Lithuanians retired, Rostov gradually began to recover and first of all continued the construction of fortifications. The earth walls, which were surrounded by the city from all sides, represented a star with nine rays. Many buildings in the process of construction were demolished, even temples. However, this victim turned out to be in vain - more than Rostov did not have to defend himself from the enemy. And the fortress strongly influenced the further development of the city, which took place two centuries in a row - the eighteenth and nineteenth.

The year of the first mention of the city of Rostov the Great was already over a thousand years, and during this time the independence of the former administrative center was gone. However, Rostov did not turn into a remote place. This was influenced by the oldest metropolitan department in Russia, the activities of Iona III, the metropolitan of Rostov from 1652 to 1690, the reform of Patriarch Nikon and the split in the Orthodox Church. Jonah took the blessing of Nikon, so he fell into disgrace with Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. At this time he was built the Rostov Kremlin, all the towers of the Metropolitan's court, many temples have been updated. But most of all he became known to Jonah thanks to the famous Rostov ringing: he poured bells, the sounds of which were surprised by the Orthodox people.

Saint Demetrius

Another outstanding church figure of Rostov the Great Dimitry of Rostov, who was ranked as a saint, was a metropolitan for only seven years, but managed to enter the history of the state with many important matters. The deepest trace was left by his spiritual writings, which were preserved in a multitude. The main religious work of his became "Chetni Minei" - the life of Russian Orthodox saints. In 1757, St. Dimitri was consigned to the saints. His relics can be worshiped in the Spaso-Yakovlevsky Monastery of Rostov the Great.

The status of the city in the meantime changed. When the independence of the capital was finally lost, in Rostov governed the voevody, who were sent here from Moscow. In 1692, the city was attributed to the Yaroslavl Voivodeship, and at the beginning of the eighteenth century was transferred to the Pereslavl province. In 1777, Rostov the Great was given the status of a district town of the Yaroslavl Province, and ten years later he was deprived of the metropolitan chair, since it was moved to Yaroslavl. So to this day lives the beautiful Rostov the Great by the simple regional center of the Yaroslavl region.

sights

Now it is a city with a population of just over forty thousand people. His status is still the same - a city-museum and a pearl of the Golden Ring of Russian cities. What first of all want to see the tourists? Of course, the Rostov Kremlin, the Metropolitan Court is the main attraction of this city. All the inhabitants of our country have seen a film about Ivan Vasilyevich, who is changing his profession. Hence, there is no person who did not see the Rostov Kremlin from different angles, because the shooting was conducted there. When the city lost the metropolitan pulpit, the Kremlin began to decline, and the public of Rostov the Great in the nineteenth century restored all the buildings, repairs were made and restoration was carried out. In 1883 the Museum of Church Antiquities on the territory of the Kremlin was opened.

The most ancient building and one of the most beautiful places is the Assumption Cathedral on Cathedral Square. It is perfectly preserved to our days since 991. Of course, he was rebuilt repeatedly and Andrew Bogolyubsky, and Constantine the Wise, and Prince Vasilko. Today's building was erected in 1508. This is the main temple of the city, the tomb of Rostov princes and all his bishops. Prince Vasilko, and Metropolitan Jonah, also settled here.

Kremlin

The towers and walls of the Kremlin also erected much later than the year of the first mention in the annals. It was already the seventeenth century, when the city was occupied by Metropolitan Jonah. The famous Rostov belfry was also built by him. The main bell weighs thirty-two tons! Separate words deserve and the monasteries of Rostov the Great. First of all, it is the Dimitriev Spaso-Yakovlevsky monastery and, of course, the no less famous monastery of Avraamiev. The first was consecrated in 1386 with the Church of the Conception of St. Anne. In the Time of Troubles, the monastery was completely destroyed, and it was restored again by Metropolitan Jonah.

Already in 1780 it was surrounded by stone walls, and the Dimitrievsky temple was built on the donation of Count Sheremetyev. This monastery tourists see already at the entrance to Rostov the Great from Moscow. The second - Bogoyavlensky Avraamiev monastery - the most ancient landmark, which is proud of not only Rostov, but all of North-Eastern Russia. It was founded in the ninth century by the Monk Abraham, who defeated the pagan Veles with the help of a staff received by the Russian Church from John the Theologian himself. Ivan Rodion took this staff with him to the campaign against Kazan and won. In honor of this event on the territory of the monastery the Epiphany Cathedral was built in 1555.

The coat of arms of Rostov the Great

Until the seventeenth century, the symbol of Rostov was a bird that can be seen on the Great Seal of Ivan the Terrible of the sixteenth century. The Emperor had twenty-four seals of lands and cities of Russians, among which Rostov was also represented. It was an eagle that turned its head to the right.

The symbol and the coat of arms of Rostov at the beginning of the seventeenth century was a deer on a scarlet field. The deer ("helluva"), embroidered on the feather bed of the sovereign Mikhail Fedorovich, had a golden mane or such a collar, golden hoofs and horns. Until now, this image is a symbol of the city of Rostov the Great.