The word is a palindrome. Swap words

From ancient times people were attracted to everything magical, inexplicable. Fascinated reflection of objects in the mirror, attracted symmetry, which is often manifested in nature. With the advent of writing, a new path has emerged for large and small discoveries-the bewitching symmetry of numbers, letters and signs. Initially, this phenomenon was given a sacred meaning. Some people tried to give their children names that were read the same from both sides: Alla, Anna, Lol, Nathan - it was believed that this brings happiness. Ancient Slavic runes were recorded in a circle or in the form of a five-pointed star, they could be read from any letter and this gave them a special, magical meaning. Combinations, numbers, signs, words that could be read in several directions, people agreed to call palindromes.

Verbal palindromes

Palindrome (from Greek - "running back") - these are words, texts or some verbal constructions that are equally (or with some permissible deviations) read by letters from both sides. Word-flip-flops quite often occur in Russian. Most often these are nouns that carry a serious semantic load: the pop, the Cossack, the radar, the lump, the stamping, the revolver, etc. The same picture is observed in other languages - Chinese, Udmurt, Tatar, Spanish, German, and French. From palindromes literary works are created: poems, poems, even novels.

Staircase and skimmer

The direct text of a palindrome is one that is read in accordance with the normal reading order for a given writing. In all forms of Latin and Cyrillic letters, the direction from left to right is called straight, and the reverse, from right to left, is called a reverse, or a walker. In the XVII-XVIII centuries in Russia, phrases and words-flip-flops were called "rachis verses" and were mostly comic characters. Later, in Russian linguistic practice, the palindrome began to be called a pervert (according to V. Khlebnikov), however, when strictly examined, these verbal constructions still differ. Synonyms for the term "palindrome" are also the concepts of "amphirism" (V. Rybinsky) and "self-rhyme" (S. Kirsanov). Everyone knows the palindrome-aphorism of Valery Bryusov: "I am the arch of the region".

Mono-cylinder and multi-line palindrome

Palindromes are written in prose or in the form of a verse, that is, they are broken into lines. Phrases-inversions neither verse nor prose are not, they can be attributed to aphorisms: "Muse, wounded with the awl of experience, you will pray for the mind."

Sometimes the word palindrome is used in the title of a literary work. For example, the book of poems by A. Voznesensky was called "The Axiom of Self-Search", and the story of V. Nabirkova - "Hell is like Da a da". If the palindrome breaks into lines, then a similar poem can have the form of a mono-palindrome, that is, a structure that is read back and forth not in line, but from end to the beginning.

• Noah and faith - a chance in Zion
  But Jesus on the ball is Villon. (Dmitry Avaliani.)

There are multiline palindromes, in which each line is a flip-flop:

• Hell is thirst!
  Hell - fever, enmity!
  Hell drives sometimes. (Vladimir Gershuni.)

Such a poem is a flip-flop in the strictest sense of the term.

Axis of palindrome

Some researchers classify palindromes in terms of complexity. For this purpose, the concept of the "palindrome axis" or "axis of the inversion" was introduced into the practice of studying. This is an imaginary line that passes through letters or between them and divides the text-palindrome into two parts so that the letters of one part are a kind of reverse of the other part of it. For example, the word-palindrome "Atacacata", invented by V. Bryusov, has an axial letter "z". In the line of Velimir Khlebnikov, "Setuy, cliff", the axis of the invert goes through the letter "d". Researchers believe that the introduction of the visual concept of "axis" proves that palindromes are special works of verbal and visual art.

Accurate and inaccurate palindromes

The exact palindrome is read in both directions absolutely the same. These include, for example, the word palindrome "Cossack" or the phrase Ladygin Nicholas "Math and here and there." The highest degree of accuracy assumes that in reverse reading not only a complete alphabetic identity is preserved, but also spaces of spaces between words. A strict style of palindrome construction allows some liberties. So, there may be mismatches of spaces, capital letters and capital letters and non-distinction on the letter "e" and "e".

In the palindromes written in freestyle, inaccuracies of the passage, hyphenation and single-letter lines are allowed. Signs of softness and hardness (b, b), letters "J", "S" can be replaced by "I", "Sh". Duplication of letters is possible. There are also sound palindromes, in which only pronunciation is taken into account. They do not distinguish between "O" and "E" after sizzling, "O" and "A" under stress and without. This is the aphorism of Viktor Petrovich Grigoryev: "He himself has come and lead the horse of the masses." There are alphanumeric palindromes in which the digit "0" coincides with the letter "O", "3" = "Z", and "4" = "Ч".

Lexical coefficient (LC)

The term "lexical coefficient" applied to palindromes was introduced by AD Erlich. It is an indicator of the innovation and uniqueness of palindrome education. The Ehrlich coefficient is the ratio of the total number of letters in the verbal construction to the number of words in it. When counting, one-letter words are not taken into account: the prepositions "in", and "c", the unions "and", "a" and so on. Thus, according to his aesthetic qualities, the palindrome of V. Rybinskiy (LK-5,6) "The Voyage of Revenues by the Unknown Mode" is higher than the Pauls Nagorsky (LK-3,4) couplet "Lit the Mind and Face and Mood Mutilate," Mat, Their wear and sleep hits ... "

Nonverbal palindromes

In a broad sense, a palindrome can have a non-verbal form. For example, there are palindromes-numbers, which are read from the end in the same way as before. In mathematics, there is an operation "turn and fold", the essence of which is that by adding the original decimal number with its inverted copy you can get a palindrome: 56 + 65 = 121; 521 + 125 = 646. Palindrome numbers have special magic, which some mathematicians seek to solve.

"Flip-flops" are observed by biologists in nucleic acid structures: the total number of palindromes in the human genome reaches 1 million. There are works in music that can be played endlessly. Examples of such plays are "The Way of the World" by Mochelles, "The Tablet Tune for Two" by Amadeus Mozart. First the product is played in the usual order, then the notes are turned over, but the music does not change from this, and where the top is, and where the bottom in the music notation of this composition can not be determined. Palindrome paradoxes attract people of various branches of knowledge, and discoveries in this field are always surprising and unpredictable.

Palindromes in history

Palindromes have appeared very long ago. The oldest surviving changers is written in Latin and dated to the 4th century. N. E. This sentence Sator Arepo tenet opera rotas, which in translation means: "The Arepoy's sower with difficulty holds the wheels." It is interesting that this sentence was written in square form:

• SATOR
  AREPO
  TENET
  OPERA
  ROTA S.

The ancient palindrome is read in four different ways: horizontally and vertically, to the right and to the left. The ancients provided the square with magical properties. It was believed that magic words can protect against illnesses and diseases, as well as from evil spirits. In ancient Rome, squares with this enigmatic phrase were cut down on the walls of palaces and temples. In the Middle Ages, the palindrome was depicted on the walls of Christian churches.

In ancient China, there were also samples of palindrome versification. Many researchers note that the palindrome offerings were conferred by conspiracy and prayer, and then used as spells. For example, the "wrapped up" phrase "NEDEDI VORA COW AND GIRL" was pronounced in order for justice to triumph. People's proverbs also sometimes had a palindrome construction "Aki Lion and that mother are great." The oldest Russian palindrome used buffoons to attract spectators during their performances: "On the forehead, you blockhead!"

Russian palindromes

There is an opinion that it is difficult to create palindromes in Russian. Like, nothing interesting happens. However, if you search, then in your native language there will be words-overturners, and sometimes whole sentences. Many know the palindrome names, names, words from texts or speeches, for example: Anna, Titus, Nathan, Alla, Aza, Toth, Anikin, Anizina, Kutuk, Vodokhodov, Nilin, Nizin, Volov, Kuvuk, Volokolokolov, Anene, Anina, Gogh , Yuyu, Nitin, Nivin, Nikin, Anisin, Anil'yolina, Anililina and so on. There are also a lot of simple words and conjunctions: here, or, income, kotok (cat), peg, hut, stamping, argument, flood, Cossack, tavern, kok, eye, barely, still and so on. Thus, in Russian there are palindromes. Examples of sentences and phrases:

• Argentina is attracted by a Negro.
• Misha is near the milk.
• He died, and peace be upon him.
• I'm climbing to the bathroom.
• I'll have an oak.
• Muzzle of the Cossack behind the scenes.
• "Let go!" - The bowl of Maxim flies to the soup. "Let the soup fly!"

Palindromes for children

Phrases and words, read in both directions, are sure to interest children. They will definitely appreciate the magic that palindromes conceal in themselves. Examples for children:

• On the house is a suitcase.
• He eats hay.
• Lyosha found a bug on the shelf.
• The cat is dragged by ducks.
• Eat dirty less!

You can play with the guys in the game "Come up with your palindromes." It's pretty simple. Try to take the simple word "Az" and add the letter "A" to it. It turns out a simple word-palindrome "Aza". Then add the letters "for" again to "Aza-za". If the number of times to repeat "for", then the palindrome will become infinite "Aza-for, -for, -... -for." You can complicate the task. For example, you can pay attention to the word "Boa". If you read the opposite, it turns out "in Hell." Here and was born a palindrome: "Boa in Hell". Such exercises train memory, stimulate brain regions, which are responsible for recognizing letters and composing words from them. The children develop non-standard thinking, which is very useful to them in life. Words-changers for children are an introduction to the capabilities of the native language in a playful form.

Modern experiments

Author's palindromes appeared in the XVII century, at the time of the appearance of syllabic poetry. In Russian until the twentieth century, the most famous are the palindrome-phrases Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich: "I go with a sword judiciary," "I'll reason wit dawn." In the twentieth century, various experiments in the field of versification led to the emergence of interesting palindromatic forms. Russian poets V. Bryusov and V. Khlebnikov tried to introduce an aesthetic beginning into the palindromes. In the middle of the last century A. Voznesensky tried to combine palindrome technique with visuality.

Modern palindromists are D. Avaliani, V. Gershuni, B. Goldstein, A. Bubnov, G. Lukomnikov. In recent years, poets have sought to combine elements of word splicing and zaumi (the rejection of elements of natural language) in palindromes, which gives the texts a peculiar intonation (S. Biryukov, S. Shigei).

In different languages, palindromes are studied in different ways. Neologisms are created, experiments that are unusual in form and content are conducted. The longest use in everyday speech is the word palindrome saippuakauppias, which in Finnish means "soap seller". In our native speech it is possible to create original palindromic constructions - this occupation will be useful both for children and adults. Dare, and you will succeed!