The expression "Stolypin's tie": what does it mean?

Pyotr Stolypin was a statesman, a great reformer. He was born in 1862 in Dresden, and died in Kiev, in 1911. At various times, Stolypin held various posts. So, he was the county governor of the nobility of Kovno, the Saratov and Grodno governors, the prime minister and the minister of internal policy.

short biography

In the history of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, Stolypin became known as a statesman and reformer. Its role was very significant in the suppression of the troubles of 1905-1907. In 1906, Nicholas II offered him the post of Minister of Internal Policy. Some time after this, the Government and the State Duma of the first convocation were dissolved. Stolypin, in turn, was appointed prime minister. While in his new position, which he held until his death, he held several bills. In history, this period is marked as agrarian reform. The main content of the reforms was the introduction of private landed property of the peasants. The adopted law on military courts has tightened the penalties for serious crimes. Subsequently, Stolypin was criticized for this rigidity. Among other events held by the Prime Minister, it is worth noting the introduction of zemstvo for the western provinces, the restriction of the autonomy of the Grand Duchy of Finland, the dissolution of the second Duma, changes in electoral legislation. All these reforms contributed to the suppression of the unrest of 1905-1907. With the activity of Pyotr Arkadevich two phrases are associated, which have become winged: "Stolypin's tie" and "Stolypin wagon". These two expressions, according to historians, blacken the name of the reformer. Let's see what causes this opinion.

"Stolypin's tie"

This winged expression for a long time vilified the name of the great figure of Russia. Petr Arkadevich differed in his oratorical abilities. This was repeatedly confirmed at the meetings of the Duma. On one of them appeared the expression "Stolypin's tie". The year in which the event occurred was 1907. The meeting was held on November 17 (according to the old article). The author of the expression "Stolypin tie" (photo of the reformer is presented in the article) - Fedor Rodichev. This famous cadet then rose to the rostrum. The beginning of his speech caused a wave of indignation among the deputies. Continuing his speech, Rodichev more and more lost his composure. And in his passion he remembered the expression "Muravyov's collar" by Purishkevich. It was about the activities of General Muraviev, associated with the liquidation of the Polish Uprising in 1863. According to the transcript of the meeting, Rodichev said: "What was called the Muravyov collar will later be called" Stolypin's tie. "The definition given by Rodichev suggested a rope for the gallows.

The reaction of deputies

A new wave of indignation flashed through the room instantly. Deputies everywhere shouted that it was mean and dishonest to insult the representative of the emperor. Then some of them went to the podium and tried to force Rodichev to take it from her. Deputies had different political views and opinions. However, despite this, all of them expressed their extremely negative attitude to the incident. The speech of the Cadet was criticized by Purishkevich himself. As a result, the meeting of the Duma was disrupted. At the first screams, pale and worried, Stolypin left the room. Chairman of the Duma Khomyakov and the ministers followed him.

"Incident exhausted"

Stolypin, as a nobleman, in a break passed the cadet challenge to a duel. Immediately after receiving the news, Rodichev rushed to Pyotr Arkadevich and in the presence of several witnesses he apologized, having repented of his deed. Stolypin forgave the Cadet. The incident was over. The news of Rodichev's forgiveness quickly spread around the deputies, bringing calm to the masses. However, according to eyewitnesses, after this incident, Stolypin never again extended Rodichev's hand. The State Duma immediately took measures. For his phrase "Stolypin tie" Rodichev was removed from 15 meetings.

"Myth of the Reformer"

The incident could remain part of the story. However, the myth began to live its own life. With the Bolsheviks filing the expression "Stolypin tie" means the punishment of innocent people by the decisions of the military courts, whose powers were given by the reformer. In one of his articles, Lenin wrote of Pyotr Arkadyevich as "the ober-hanger and pogromist, who prepared himself for the ministerial post by the tortures of the peasants."

Further history

Undoubtedly, the Bolsheviks could not forgive Stolypin the adoption of the law on military courts, which tried to extinguish the flames of rebellion, stop the robbery and violence of the 1905-1907 revolution. In addition, the reforms postponed the onset of the 1917 uprising. Under the power of the Soviets, the myth wandered from one history textbook to another. The phrase "Stolypin's tie" under the influence of the communist regime has become a label. At some point the whole reform activity of Peter Arkadievich was reduced exclusively to this expression. In this form, the phrase "Stolypin's tie", in fact, has survived to the present day.

Socotravel

According to the survey, in one of the social networks only 22% of the respondents knew the actual history of the appearance of the phrase "Stolypin tie". 9% of the respondents considered that this form expressed the people's indignation about mass repressions, executions and inspections of "revolutionary" areas. 9% of respondents expressed the opinion that it was a fashionable at that time tie worn by Stolypin. Almost 49% of respondents felt that thus the reformer tightened the noose around the neck of terror.

"Stolypin Wagon"

This is another myth, persistently following the name of the reformer. In the course of his activities Stolypin paid great attention to the eastern territories of the Empire. Speaking in 1908, on March 31, in the State Duma at a meeting on the feasibility of building a railway on the Amur, he said that the symbol of Russia is the two-headed eagle. He looks east and west. Speaking about the fact that one-headed birds are also strong, Stolypin, however, noted that if one head is cut off, the two-headed eagle will not become stronger, it will simply bleed. Together with the chief manager of land management and agriculture, Krivoshein, Peter Arkadevich in 1910 made an inspection trip to the Volga and Western Siberia.

Reformer policy

Stolypin's activities in relation to Siberia consisted in encouraging the resettlement of peasants from European regions of the country to her free territories. This policy was part of the agrarian reforms. As a result, about 3 million people moved to Siberia. More than 3,400 settlements were established in the Altai Territory during the reforms. They settled over 600 000 people, which accounted for about 22% of the inhabitants of the entire district. Peasants-settlers brought into circulation about 3.4 million dessiatines of vacant land.

Transportation of peasants

In 1910 special wagons were built for immigrants. They were different from the usual ones. The difference was that part of the car was completely fenced off. It was intended for the transportation of peasant inventory and livestock. Later, with the advent of Soviet power, grilles were placed in the windows. The wagons began to be used for the forced dispatch of kulaks and other "counterrevolutionary elements" to Central Asia and Siberia.

Solzhenitsyn's opinion

In his book "Gulag Archipelago" the author describes the history of the appearance of such cars. It should be noted that Solzhenitsyn is a fan of Stolypin. Defending the reformer, in his books he tried to debunk existing myths concerning the name of Peter Arkadevich. As a substitute for the expression "Stolypinsky" the author proposed a "Stalinist" car. Thus, there is an incorrect interpretation of the reformer's good intentions. However, if Stolypin could call Rodichev's duel for insult, he could no longer stop this lie.

Finally

Contemporaries, speaking of Stolypin, spoke with particular respect of his fearlessness. The reformer was planned and for its entire activities, eleven attempts were made. The last of them happened in Kiev. In the reformer Dmitry Bagrov shot. In the course of this attempt, Stolypin received a mortal wound. A few days later, Pyotr Arkadevich died. The work of Stolypin was of great importance for the development of the empire. His reforms have become history as one of the most effective. Many phrases Stolypin, uttered by him at meetings of the Duma, became winged.