Text structure: how to create it and make the text convenient for perception. Logical and semantic structure of the text

Many millions of texts are born every day. Virtual pages open so many that they are unlikely to be accounted for. Millions of people write about events in their lives, describe phenomena, discuss news, share practical guidelines, publish interviews, compose anecdotes, write poems, stories, novels and even novels. This is not a complete list of the activities of mankind in the network, but there is a common component - there is always a text with a more or less carefully verified structure.

There is a text structure that is easily perceived, but sometimes there is something that is not so easy to understand. Consider some types of compilation of textual material, and most importantly - we will provide hints on the creation of such text, which is conveniently and quickly read and deeply perceived.

Text structure. Varieties

Depending on the task, the structuring elements are determined by the creator individually. Not all authors know how to do this correctly, because it turns out that some texts even on the diagonal are fully understood, while others force you to stop and rearrange words in sentences to get to the point. How to eliminate the chaos of misunderstanding?

For complete clarity, the structure of the text is divided into several unequal parts and is considered in stages. In the text there must be a title that can not be missed, and the main part, usually divided into semantic paragraphs. Plus, they significantly improve the quality of perception of sub-headings and lists. In the main part, there may be an internal structure of the text (depending on what tasks the author faces when performing the task).

Even the stream of consciousness by the Irish writer Joyce in the wonderful book "Ulysses" is painstakingly and distinctly built. He has his own structure - artistically ordered chaos. And, for example, a business text requires a completely different way of organization. First of all, you need to understand the existing types and types of text messages.

Internal structure and its types

1. Logical component. Features: each paragraph in meaning is linked to the previous one, directly or at least indirectly continuing it in meaning. Practical manuals, articles, descriptions, in a word, everything that falls under the term "business text" is characterized by a logical, consistent component. Undoubtedly, this is a very convenient way of writing texts, and their perception. Especially easy on this method, the text is analyzed, and the subsequent conclusions are especially quickly indicated.

For example, here in the first paragraph the author describes the rule of using the logical component of the text structure. In the second, we give an example of a construction. Next we will consider the following type of structure. As you can see, everything is simple. The logical structure of the text supplements and continues to be developed in the previous paragraphs.

2. The pyramidal structure. This type is typical for writing news feeds and press releases. The pyramid turns upside down, because in its broad base, that is, at the very beginning, the author puts all the basic information. Further, it simply grows in details, revealing the essence.

The principle of the inverted pyramid helps the reader to know at once the main thing: what is this article about, whether it is interesting to him, whether it is necessary to read further, delving into details. But the most interesting is that even if the user closes this window on the screen, the main idea, and therefore all the business text, he has already learned. Capable, concise, extremely informative phrases are the key to success. This indicates that it was possible to compose the text correctly. The task is completed by the author.

3. FAQ-structure. The text of the letter is most typical for the publication of interviews or headings with answers to frequently asked questions. It is easy to find logic and meaning: in each paragraph there is only one pair - the question and the answer.

It helps to organize the text of the letter room at the very beginning of the content with links to information. In this case, you do not have to read a lot of superfluous text, and you can immediately find answers to questions of interest to the reader.

4. The structure is commercial. The main task of selling and advertising texts is sale or promotion. You need to find the shortest possible path to the potential client's response: it is a call, registration, purchase of goods or ordering services. It is for the sake of result that the structure of the advertising text is created using marketing models. For example, AIDA. It consists of four steps, which set the basic qualities of the text material. It is necessary to warn that this structure does not rely on the meaning of the text, aesthetics or consistency at all. The final result is solely and exclusively important here. The structure of the advertising text is based on this.

5. Combined structure. This method is typical for blogs. Most often, the blogger first informs about the event (hence, uses the pyramid structure of the artistic text), and then shares his thoughts on this or analyzes, that is, builds the text, structuring it consistently.

Using a combined model, one must be very cautious: specific information or news, mixed with analysis and homegrown philosophy, creates chaos in the reader's perception.

6. The structure is chaotic. Confusion is obtained when the writer does not know how to work with the material, and claims that this is his author's structure of the artistic text.

Nevertheless, clever manipulators have realized that a mishmash in the minds of customers is sometimes very welcome. Readers are skilfully disoriented in the event of the need to discredit people, firms, even governments - any sabotage is easily accomplished thanks to the texts of the chaotic structure.

How to divide into paragraphs

The reader should be comfortable to learn the meaning of the text, so the whole layer is divided into more accessible fragments to the eye. Too small a division, however, also dispels attention. Therefore, it is important here that the semantic structure of the text does not tear, passing from the paragraph to the paragraph.

Paragraphs should also obey the general structure of the text, even if they differ in form and presentation in a variety of ways: as a question and answer as a single sentence, as a single layer of text, as a list or as a quotation. It must be remembered that the meaning should never be violated, even if the paragraph is somehow isolated. And it's not good if during the whole work the chosen means change: style, language, form of presentation, despite the fact that each paragraph should be an independent semantic unit.

Examples

Here is the correctly structured structure of the scientific text in the paragraph:

• Quite a frequent problem arising in the course of work is to indicate the end of labor. The most complete disclosure of the topic is the main task, but one should not put it at the heart of the matter. In order to fulfill everything conceived and not lose the subject in close but insignificant information, the method of problem determination is applied. Before you start, you need to formulate in one sentence everything that is intended to convey to the public. Thus, the logical structure of the text will manifest itself. Without the indicated problems, any work becomes either a retelling, or a competent compilation.

Correctly composed structure of the literary text:

• Ivan, driven by the wind, quickly walks along the road. So rapidly flies that even a cloud in the high sky almost stopped, waiting. What will this man say to him that overtakes the wind? But the man clasped his teeth firmly, only the nerves play on high cheekbones, and he steps and walks. Almost running. It's not a cloud that catches up with them, but through foolishness, lost love.

And two examples of incorrectly constructed paragraphs, where the semantic structure of the text is broken:

• You need to know when the end of labor is, and draw up a work plan. The implementation of the process and the task of disclosing the topic is necessary to prevent the retelling of information. It is also important not to allow compilation. It is necessary to formulate the problem and structure of the text in one sentence. To fulfill all the plans is the main task.
• The cloud was waiting for Ivan on the road to talk about his lost love. But Ivan walked so fast that he overtook the wind. He clenched his teeth. What will he say?

Although the last example, despite all the conceptuality, the meaning is definitely not lost. Here, even a certain structure of the artistic text is planned, but not spelled out. The main thing is that the reader can get the necessary information in the most accessible form, so that the text does not tire him or confuse him.

Text analysis

It is very important to follow the rules for selecting and composing the structure to dictate the main task posed by the material. The text as a meaningful product of speech should be a consistent semantic relationship and have an understandable design, due to which integrity is formed.

The structure of the text in the Russian language presupposes the representation of the activity, that is, the subject and the object, the actual process, the main goal, all the means used and the final result. The exact composition of the components reflects the following indicators: content-structural, functional and communicative.

The analysis of the text goes on the parameters of micro- and macro-semantics, micro- and macrostructure. Semantics performs a communicative task in the transmission of information, and the structure determines the characteristics of the internal organization of text units. The role of regularities in the interrelations of all units within the boundaries of the document as a single, unified message also play a role.

Composite structure and internal

This is the external side of structuring, according to which it is necessary to build sentences, paragraphs, paragraphs, subsections, sections, sub-chapters, chapters and so on in increasing order. The external structure of the text is only partially related to the organization itself, which occurs inside the text, as if building a bridge from the introduction to the epilogue.

You can compose the text on the basis of knowledge of the units of its internal structure, and this:

• Utterance (sentence as such);
• Several statements with the observance of interphase unity, combined in one fragment and syntactically and semantically;
• Several interphrasic fragments that make up the blocks and communicate the text wholeness and contextual and thematic links.

The units of the syntactic and composition plan are always interconnected. Hence stylistic and stylistic characteristics of the text. Defined in this way and functionality - whether it is an artistic work, scientific and so on. In addition, any message has besides stylistic qualities and author's individuality.

Structure of the advertising text

1. The title. First of all, the reader pays attention to this element. It should be concise, but informative, original, accurate in meaning. A good title provides the desire to get acquainted with the main text. The most successful option is selected from several, composed in the process of working with the text.

2. Introductory paragraph. It is no less important for the target audience, because it interests and retains attention. It is captivating and extremely clear here the content of the text, but at the same time motivating the reading of the article to the end. If appropriate, intrigue is quite possible, of course, with a sense of proportion. When starting the design of the introductory part, you need to be well aware of the most potential client, his needs and problems, so that all their decisions are reflected in the first lines.

Some secrets

For a long time there are rules, mostly private, knowing which, you can avoid the mistakes of beginning copywriters and re-writers. Professionals exclude the banality of "Welcome to our shop" type. Real masters do not fret with key phrases: it is said to introduce the word into the text four times, so there will be no fifth word. The message from their abundance becomes incredibly dull. Moreover, such text infuses the reader with distrust of the advertised product. "Direct", may, and will raise the rating, but the attention of customers will be lost. A good writer will not write long "Tolstoy" compounded sentences with an abundance of participial and adverbial movements. It should be noted that the advertising texts are most often read diagonally.

The next rule is the lack of cliches and templates. It is better to forget all established expressions at all, to create the original text.

Pictures

For every thousand characters it is desirable to choose an image. It should be strictly thematic. The size of the picture is selected according to the task. If the picture is maximally informative, its size is large, if not very small.

Subtitle and paragraph

Subheadings are the points of the detailed plan drawn up before writing. It is better to choose second and third level options. Paragraphs carry the main content of the text, concisely displayed in the introductory paragraph. Here all the details of information are prescribed, effective speech turns are appropriate when indicating the merits of the advertised object. And then the writer will not leave a sense of proportion!

List

Correctly designed and carefully designed, it helps to convey:

• All the advantages of the object of advertising;
• The breadth of the possibilities of the goods or services provided;
• List of assortment of offered products;
• Comparative characteristics and distinctive qualities of the advertised subject;

In addition, this structural element assists in the chain of actions when placing an order or registering.

It is impossible to suppose, making a list:

• Use only keywords - the core, without verbal "meat";
• Presence of some links;
• Tightness in the transfer;
• Overloaded information offers and paragraphs.

Table

This is a necessary and extremely useful assistant. Well shows comparative characteristics, progress-regress, beautifully structured text. It is easier to make a list, of course, but the table is more visible. It can be made on any occasion, even to just inform who, when, where, for example, it is customary to wear cufflinks, and with what clothes, and which ones. In a separate column showing where there is a wider choice, in which store the product is cheaper, and in which it is faster to buy this one.

Motivation to buy

And here a very short but very capacious list works very well, convincing that everything that is in the world better is at your disposal. The main task of the final part of the article is to finally persuade the client, drive away all doubts with clear argumentation and smoothly lead to the only right choice. As an option - the use of an echo-phrase that repeats the main idea of the main text, classically completing the advertising article.