Schemes of heating systems in private houses. Wiring plan of the heating system

The choice of optimal schemes for a hot water supply and heating system is the main task in providing a comfortable microclimate. Most often, schemes of heating systems are used in private houses of the following types: a system with forced and natural circulation, one-pipe, two-pipe, as well as "Leningrad" and radial piping layouts.

The key to the importance of engineering communications is the heating system of houses, offices and enterprises of various purposes. Despite actively developing technologies, mankind has not yet got rid of the need to install heat sources in their homes. The heating system is operated only 4-6 months a year, while the cost of installation and components remains at a high level. The service life, reliability and efficiency of the scheme of heating systems in private homes largely depend on how the wiring is performed.

Beginning of work

The layout of the heating system in an apartment or private house begins with an analysis of the conditions in which it is planned to operate it. To ensure efficient heating, it is necessary to choose the right boiler, the diameter of the main pipeline, and also to determine the type of fuel.

The main components

The key components of the heating system that affect the wiring diagram are:

• Type of fuel.
• Type of boiler equipment, its main indicators and power.
• Type of heating devices.
• Features of the room (storeys, insulation, area, other features).

Type of fuel

The most demanded source of heat is a gas boiler. Choose this equipment for private houses, apartments or outbuildings due to economy, autonomy and versatility. Also, the dual-circuit boiler is capable of heating water and for sanitary purposes. In this case, the connection of the gas boiler to the heating system, the piping layout should take into account the power of the circulation pump and the relatively low productivity.

If you plan to heat a two-story structure, in addition to the pump installed in the double-circuit boiler, additional equipment will be needed to circulate the coolant .

Boilers

These devices differ in the manner of installation, type of fuel and power. Domestic boilers can function on such fuels as solid (firewood), diesel, liquid (fuel oil), coal, liquefied or natural gas, as well as pellets. Electric boilers are quite popular , which can be electrode and heating. In addition, there are combined units that operate on different types of fuel.

Many boilers are characterized by floor construction, but there are varieties of wall-mounted designs, the power of which is less than 25 kW. For the placement of electric electrode boilers there is no need for a separate place, they are mounted directly into the piping system. Most modern models are equipped with a heating circuit for hot water supply, and for heating large areas they can be collected in a cascade.

In any case, for the scheme of heating systems of a single-story house, it is necessary to choose the boiler units, which allow to automate their work as much as possible and simplify operation. Equally important is the dependence of the heating system on electrical networks. This condition is fully met by the use of gas boilers, as well as the scheme for installing a heating system in a private house without electric pumps.

Heating devices

Heating appliances for private homes can be divided into two main groups - radiators and registers. The principle of their action is quite simple. In both cases, the coolant, moving inside the heating device, gradually gives heat to the environment. The choice of these structures depends on the number of floors in the building. If the rooms are located at two or more levels, it is desirable to give preference to compact and aesthetic radiators.

The use of radiators in the heating system of a private home is more convenient from the point of view of the location of furniture in the premises. They are placed under window openings, pipelines for their connection can be laid on walls or hidden in the construction of the floor. The heat transfer is controlled by the number of sections determined by the purpose and area of the heated room.

The type of heater is determined by the characteristics of the system, such as pressure, flow rate and coolant temperature. Depending on these indicators, aluminum ribbed or cast iron radiators are selected. Aluminum constructions give off heat due to incoming convective air flows in the channels between the fins of the device, cast-iron ones due to infrared radiation and high heat capacity.

At a coolant temperature of 90-95 ° C and a low flow rate, it is preferable to give preference to cast iron devices. At a temperature of 65-80 ° C and the presence of a circulating pump in the heating system, it is preferable to use ribbed aluminum radiators.

Also heating systems of private houses are often supplemented by the device of warm floors. The most comfortable microclimate will allow achieving the temperature of the coolant in the pipelines, which is within 40 ° C. The device of a water-heated floor requires the mandatory installation of pumping equipment.

Pipelines

Heating appliances and the boiler are interconnected by pipelines, the device of which depends on the location of the radiators, the number of storeys of the building, its perimeter and length.

Material pipelines should be chosen, based on the convenience and installation conditions, their durability, maintainability.

In modern heating systems, cumbersome stainless, steel and galvanized pipes were replaced by products made of polypropylene and metal-plastic. Copper pipelines are widely used in combination with cast iron heaters.

Installation

If there is a heat source, the main task will be to move the heated coolant through the heating system. The type of the selected circuit will depend on the operating parameters and the durability of the heating system. As a rule, these works are carried out at the stage of overhaul or construction, as they affect all housing space.

There are two main types of heating systems. It:

• Natural (gravitational).
• Closed heating system in a private house. This scheme provides for artificial circulation.

In the first case, the natural circulation of the coolant is understood as a result of its heating and expansion. In a closed system, a closed heating circuit is used, which is under pressure. Heat redistribution and liquid circulation are provided by pumping equipment.

Any of these options can be organized by different connection schemes. The most commonly used single-tube, two-pipe and beam distributions. Let us consider them in more detail.

Single-pipe system

The single-pipe connection scheme of the heating system implies the sequential installation of devices. The coolant enters the heating devices, and then, passing through them, gives away some of its heat. Thus, the last device gets a liquid with the lowest possible temperature index. To prevent this from affecting the room's microclimate, the number of sections in the final heating device should be increased.

To date, there are technologies that optimize the operation of a single-pipe heating system. As auxiliary elements, it is possible to install heating regulators, ball valves, thermostatic valves or balancing valves. This will achieve balance when receiving heat. The overlap of one particular radiator will not affect the operation of the heating system as a whole.

The layout of the heating system in a private house can be realized in the form of:

• Horizontal system using a circulating pump.
• Vertical system with natural or combined circulation, and also with the help of circulating pumping equipment.

Horizontal single-pipe system

This scheme in the people was called "Leningrad". Pipelines can be built into the heating structure or laid above the floor level. Therefore, in order to reduce heat dissipation, it is recommended to insulate them.

The installation of the supply line is carried out with a slight slope in the direction of the coolant movement. The heaters should be on the same level. To remove air from the system, it is necessary to provide the Mayevsky cranes.

The layout of a single-pipe heating system in a two-story house provides for a riser supplying the coolant to the second floor and leading to the first radiator.

Temperature control is carried out with the help of cranes. They should be installed before the first heater on each floor.

Vertical single-pipe system

Such schemes of heating systems in private homes provide for a natural circulation of the coolant. The advantage of this wiring is that it is independent of the power supply, since there is no need for a circulation pump.

A significant drawback is the use of large-diameter pipelines, as well as the need for the alignment of the main line strictly at an angle. The main disadvantage is the fact that such a scheme of connecting the heating system in a private house does not look very aesthetic. However, this can be eliminated by means of a circulation pump.

Two-pipe system

Such schemes of heating systems in private homes require significant financial costs. Also, the amount of work performed and, consequently, the cost of installation are increasing.

The main advantage is the uniform distribution of the coolant throughout the system. And most importantly - it is very easy to adjust the temperature regime: in accordance with the needs of those living in the house.

When installing modern communications, the manufacturers of components for which are mainly foreign companies, it is recommended to connect the gas boiler to the heating system, the circuit of which is two-pipe, since this greatly facilitates the operation of the pumping equipment.

Heating devices can be connected from the side, from the bottom and diagonally. The choice of the optimum option depends mainly on the size of the radiators used and the material of their manufacture.

At the inlet and outlet of the heater, it is necessary to install control valves. Also, do not forget about the drain valve, which should be located in the lowest points of the system.

The flow rate of pipelines depends on the type of connection of the boiler to the heating system - a single-pipe or two-pipe scheme. Private houses with a small area should be equipped with a two-pipe wiring.

In addition, such a system is equipped with a circulation pump. The presence of temperature controllers in each separate room allows you to adjust the most optimal heating mode.

If your material resources are limited, and a private house of a small area, then you can do with a single-pipe layout.

The area of buildings in which it is allowed to use single-pipe systems should not be above 100 m ² . In this case, you can do without pumping equipment and apply natural circulation.

Radiation system

The collector or beam circuit is characterized by the fact that each pair of pipelines has its own pair of pipelines for direct and reverse current. These pipelines converge on the combs near the heater. In such a system, the length of the pipes is much higher even in comparison with the two-pipe scheme.

In order to distribute the heat carrier uniformly over the radiators, the radiation system is balanced before operation.

Conclusion

Regardless of which heating system is chosen, the scheme will be developed with the help of specialists, it is important to remember that the design and installation of engineering communications data is considered a rather complex undertaking. If you are not confident in your own abilities, then it is preferable to seek help from specialists.

This will avoid mistakes that may occur at any stage of start-up and operation of the heating system. In order not to eliminate shortcomings in the future, it is better not to admit them and to provide everything in advance.