Philosophical theme in Tyutchev's lyrics: analysis. FI Tyutchev: philosophical lyrics

The creative heritage of Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev is small: it comprises only a few journalistic articles and approximately 50 translated and 250 original poetic works, quite a few of which are unsuccessful. But some creations of this author are real pearls of poetry. The philosophical nature of Tyutchev's lyrics contributes to the fact that interest in his work does not weaken, because it affects eternal topics. These poems are to this day unique in the strength and depth of thought, thanks to which they are immortal.

Tyutchev, whose philosophical lyrics will be considered in this article, as a poet formed around the turn of the 1820-1830 period. To this period belong masterpieces of his work: "Summer Evening", "Insomnia", "The Last Cataclysm", "Vision", "Cicero", "Autumn Evening", "Spring Water", etc.

General characteristic of poetry

Intrigued by the intense passionate thought and at the same time acute sensation of the tragedy of life, Tyutchev's poetry expressed in the artistic word all the contradictions and complexity of reality. His philosophical views were formed under the influence of the philosophical views of F. Schelling. The lyrics of Fedor Ivanovich are soaked with alarm. Nature, man, the world appear in his creations in the eternal clash of various opposing forces. Man by nature is doomed to an "unequal", "hopeless" battle, a "desperate" struggle with fate, life and himself. In particular, the poet gravitated toward the depiction of thunderstorms and storms in the human soul and the world. Landscape images in his later poems are painted Russian national color, in contrast to the early creations.

Features of philosophical lyrics

Together with EA Baratynsky, FI Tyutchev is the most prominent representative of philosophical lyric poetry in our country in the 19th century. His artistic method reflects a movement characteristic of the poetry of that time from romanticism to realism. The talent of Fyodor Ivanovich, a poet who appealed willingly to the chaotic forces of being, was in itself something spontaneous. Tyutchev's philosophical lyrics in their ideological content is characterized not so much by diversity as by great depth. Last place in this takes the motive of compassion, which can be found in such poems as "Let's go, Lord, your joy" and "Tears of men."

The uniqueness of Tyutchev's poetry

Given the limits of human knowledge, the limitations of human knowledge, the description of nature, the merging with it, and the desolate and tender recognition of the limitations of love, these are the main motives of Tyutchev's philosophical lyrics. Another theme is the motive of the mystical and chaotic principle of all life.

Tyutchev, whose philosophical lyrics are very interesting, is indeed an original and original poet, if not to say, the only one in all literature. This refraction reflects all of his poetry. For example, the poem "Oh, my prophetic soul", "Holy Night", "Night Sky", "Night Voices", "Madness", "Day and Night" and others represent a unique poetic philosophy of spontaneous disgrace, Chaos and insanity. And the echoes of love, and descriptions of nature imbued this author with the consciousness that behind all this is hidden a mysterious, fatal, terrible, negative essence. Therefore, the philosophical reflection of Fedor Ivanovich is always imbued with sadness, admiration for fate, the consciousness of its limitations.

Periodization of the work of Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Lesson "Philosophical Lyric Tyutchev" in school usually begins with the periodization of his work. Speaking of her, we can note the following stages in the development of this author's poetry.

The first period is the 1920s. This is the initial period. The poems of Fedor Ivanovich at this time are mostly speculative, conditional. However, already in 1820 the poetry of the author gradually penetrated philosophical thought. The main theme: the fusion of everything together - and philosophy, and nature, and love.

The second period - 30-40-ies. At this time, Fedor Ivanovich continues to be a poet of thought. The themes of nature and love are still relevant in his work, but they sound disturbing motives. They are expressed in different colors and accents, for example in poems on the topic of wanderings ("From edge to edge ...", etc.).

The third period is 1850-1860. There is a deepening of anxious motives, which grow into a hopeless and gloomy perception of life.

Tyutchev, whose philosophical lyrics were very strong, which many contemporaries recognized, never cared about publishing his works. The first large group of his creations was published with the help of IS Gagarin in Pushkin's Sovremennik in 1836-37. The next major publication is also connected with the "Contemporary", it was in 1854, prepared the release of IS Turgenev. 1868 - the last lifetime edition of the works. Again, Tyutchev is eliminated from his training, she is occupied by his son-in-law IS Aksakov.

The paradox of personality and creativity Tyutchev

This author has never written in the genres in which the writers of his time created their works. He liked prose more than poetry. Fedor Ivanovich early appreciated Leo Tolstoy, was a fan of Turgenev.

Many researchers took philosophical lyrics Tyutchev. An essay on this topic was created, for example, by F. Kornilo. In the book "Tiutchev, poet-philosopher" the author takes the statements of Fedor Ivanovich from letters and on them builds a system of his views. But from the same records it is possible to extract other, diametrically opposite opinions. People who knew Tyutchev pretty close, noted that he aroused their bewilderment (compare the statements of IS Aksakov, the son-in-law of the poet, and the letters of Anna's daughter). The personality of Fyodor Ivanovich was characterized by a duality: he aspires to be alone, but at the same time is afraid of it. The nature of the author reflects, in particular, the philosophical theme in Tyutchev's lyrics.

The influence of origin and environment on Tyutchev's lyrics

Fyodor Ivanovich was born in the estate Ovstug, located in Bryansk district, in a family of poor parents. In the parents' house they spoke French. The poet's mother was very devout, so he learned early archaic speech. The training of the future poet took place under the direction of S. E. Raich in Moscow. This man was a professor and a mediocre poet, part of the Moscow Poetic Group: Burinsky, Merzlyakov, Milonov. They were considered to be the ideal poet-scientist, and the lyrics in their submission are just a result of hard work.

Fyodor Ivanovich began to write poetry very early. Early creation the poet created in Munich. He sent them to Russia, published in almanacs published by Raich. Tyutchev's name at that time flashes among the secondary poets.

Tyutchev's place in the literary process

Fyodor Ivanovich is, as it were, outside literature, since he did not adhere to any literary camps, he did not participate in disputes.

The Karamzin era put forward the following opposition: the poet-amateur is a poet-scientist. In it, Tyutchev belonged more to the first.

Unlike the representatives of the Moscow Circle, the poet-amateur leads a solitary life, he is a sloth, an ignoramus, an Epicurean, he should not serve anyone. "Lenivets" is a person who has cut off tradition, with a principled attitude toward creative innovation.

Fedor Ivanovich is often compared with another Russian poet - Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet. And this is not accidental. The philosophical lyrics of Fet and Tyutchev strongly echo. Afanasy Afanasyevich is an impressionist, his world is a world of momentary impressions: smells, sounds, color, light, changing into another, reflecting on being. Tyutchev is also often associated with Baratynsky because of the common themes (philosophical lyrics), but his world tends to unambiguity, terminology, which can not be said of Fedor Ivanovich.

Tyutchevsky World

Any summary picture of the world Tyutchev, especially created by diaries, letters or as a result of analysis of his creative heritage, is conditional. Fedor Ivanovich needs a system in order to leave it. Horizons of his lyrics expand with the simultaneous projection of several views.

According to Tynyanov, this author was a short-form poet, unlike his predecessors-teachers (Trediakovsky, Bobrov). In fact, Fedor Ivanovich adopts the European tradition of writing short verses selectively and partially, essentially transforming it.

The center of the poet's worldview is a sense of existence / non-existence. In verse and in letters, Fyodor Ivanovich again and again returns to the question of the fragility of life. The poet's artistic system is based on oppositions presence / absence, reality / unrealness, space / time.

As we have already noted, Tyutchev is afraid of separation. He hates space, saying that it "devours us." That is why the poet warmly welcomes the railways, for him it is the winners of space.

At the same time, there are many poems by Tiutchev dedicated to space. One of them is "On the way back", created in 1859. In this work, the poet is present at the same time and thirst for life, and a sense of its fragility, and on the other hand - the idea of destruction. Tyutchev, whose philosophical lyrics are not easy, did not feel completely alive. Feodor Ivanovich compares his personality with the house, whose windows are smeared with chalk.

Being, therefore, in this author is the basis of everything. But in this case, another important facet of existence, the opposite of it, is important: self-destruction, destruction (love, for example, suicide). In this respect, the poem "Twins" is interesting, the last line of which is "suicide and love!" - combines these two concepts into an inseparable whole.

In the Tyutchev world, it is important to have a border: the line, the line and scare away, and organize. The idea of destruction as a leitmotif organizes the whole "Denisiev" cycle, in which the love and philosophical lyrics of Tyutchev unite.

The concept of "death" for the poet is very versatile. His internally rhymes with love Tyutchev. Philosophical lyrics, poems built on contrast, in particular, this is the whole world. The world of borders, overlaps. One stanza combines both light and shadow. This is typical, for example, for the beginning of the poem "Spring waters". It says that the fields still have snow, but the waters are noisy.

It is interesting that L. V. Pumplyansky considered Tyutchev a representative of Baudelaire. The aesthetic beauty of death depicts the poem "Mal'aria" (in translation - "Infected Air"). In the system of this work there is a negative and a positive: a beautiful world (a fragrance of roses, ringing streams, a transparent sky) is at the same time a world of death.

For Tiutchev, being is a momentary immediate reality that resists destruction. It is in this sense at the opposite pole of the concept of "time", because all the past is all that is dead. But there is also a special power - memory (not accidentally so many poems are devoted to it). Philosophical lyrics in the work of Tyutchev in great detail reveals this topic.

The motive of memory in Tyutchev's lyrics

To the poet's memory, the attitude is painful, which is characterized by a multitude of imperatives: "Remember!", "Remember!" Etc. It can revive the past, but it does not become more real from it. In letters, the poet repeatedly mentions that he does not like to remember, because he feels that memory is unreal. After returning to Russia from Germany after twenty years of absence, he met his old acquaintances, and this clash of knowledge and vision with memories was for the poet painful.

For Tyutchev, the world of memory is double: he is terrible and poetic at the same time (since the real in the past is not so real in the present).

Than things are still, the more audible the groan, the rumble of time. Like life, death flows. The present is fragile, and the past is not, for it is only a shadow. But in fact today you can look at the shadow of the departed. Thus, the real is in the shadows. Being can not exist without a shadow, says Tyutchev. Philosophical lyrics, poems dedicated to being (in particular, "The Last Cataclysm") - this is also the most important motif of life and death, not only human, but the whole world. Tyutchev predicts that someday the end of nature will come, the earth will be covered by water, in which the "God's face" will be displayed.

The space and landscape in the poet's work

Near the time, Fyodor Ivanovich has space, but it is time in the spatial sense. This is only a constant contraction and expansion. There is another - everyday (horizontal). It should be overcome as a negative, anti-human, says Tyutchev. Philosophical lyrics analyze space on the other side. Directed upwards, to infinity is always positively evaluated. But more importantly - the direction down, because there - the depth of infinity.

Tyutchev's landscape-philosophical lyrics have their own characteristics. In the landscape, the poet distinctly contrasts mountains and plains. The flat space is terrible and terrible. The poet is happy that there are still mountains in the world ("On the way back"), the theme of their musicality occupies a special place in the landscape of this author.

The motif of the road in the work of Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev

Philosophical lyrics FI Tyutchev includes this motive. In the poem "The Wanderer" appears the road, and not at all metaphorical, in the work "I Lutheran Love Divine Services" it is identified with one point: finding a road at some point is the only one.

For Tyutchev all kinds of meetings, meetings - this is life, and separation - death. The road means leaving. Although it connects these two points, but detaches from the first, it is therefore indicated negatively.

Philosophical system in the work of Tyutchev

As you can see, Tyutchev's world is rather complicated. However, this does not make it unsystematic. On the contrary, the basis is a deep semantic unity, which is understood as a combination and diversity. This is reflected in many works. So, in the poem "The Wanderer" there is a thought about the connection (the wanderer and Zeus) and the unity of diversity. The world, mobile for the traveler, is immovable for Zeus. He is rich in diversity and represents a unity of the united, where contrasts are one. In a number of other poems, however, the fusion is judged negatively, has signs of a devastated, dead world. That which signifies fullness, wealth, at the same time there is devastation.

So, the philosophical lyrics of FI Tyutchev is characterized by the fact that the basic words sometimes have an opposite evaluation and semantics. For each key concept, this poet has a number of meanings. Any work of Fyodor Ivanovich was built precisely as a blackout of thought, and not its clarification. The concept can denote both death and life.

Prophecy

The theme of prophecy is important in Tyutchev's work. But it reveals itself in a special way. But these are not predictions of the Pushkin or Biblical seer - these are the prophecies of the Pythia. Between it and people there must be a mediator, in other words a priest. The poet takes a sliding position: he is a priest, a Pythia. Tyutchev sometimes gives prophecies interpretations, but they, like the priestly ones, are far from unambiguous, are not completely clear. The reader should think independently, interpret (as in antiquity).

Peace and poetry

For Fedor Ivanovich, the world is a mystery, and poetry is a double secret. It is sinful, because, according to the author, doubles the sinfulness of the earth. The riddle can be solved, but it is still necessary to be able to do it. The poet's realities are emblems (that is uniquely interpreted), and not symbols (many-valued). Although it should be noted the multiplicity of the value itself. Tyutchev suggests that the world itself is a mystery, it makes sense, meaning. The world is set by someone. But who? Take the poem Tyutchev "Not that you wriggle, nature ...". It shows that there is a sense in nature. The world talks to us, but not everyone hears. Being is a Word spoken by someone for someone. And people can not understand this unearthly language and remain deaf-mute ("Nature - Sphinx ...", written in 1869, etc.).

Tyutchev's philosophical lyrics were briefly considered in this article. When it was written, the observations of Yuri Lotman , a well-known literary critic, were used. You can refer to his works and supplement his knowledge, noting and some other features of the philosophical lyrics of Tyutchev, in this article not considered. You can use other sources to study the work of Fyodor Ivanovich, for example, Irina Ilinichna Kovtunova's book Essays on the Language of Russian Poets, in which you can find a chapter devoted to Tyutchev's work. Or refer to the book published in 1962 "Life and Creativity Tyutchev, written by Kirill Vasilievich Pigarev. We tried to at least briefly, but as far as possible capaciously to highlight the topic.