Methods of project implementation. Methods and tools for project implementation

The term "project" has a specific practical significance. Under him understand something once conceived. The project is a task with some initial data and set goals (required totals). The latter determine the ways to solve it. Further in the presented article we will consider some methods of project realization. Examples of schemes will also be presented.

General information

Projects are everything that contributes to changing the environment. This category includes:

• Construction of buildings.
• Formation of new organizations.
• Development and implementation of research projects.
• Reconstruction of enterprises.
• Construction of the ship.
• Program for the implementation of the project for the introduction of new technology and technology.
• Creation of a film.
• Implementation of national projects for the development of regions and much more.

Terminology

The project management system includes the formulation of goals that are created or upgraded to implement technological methods, the implementation of organizational documentation, the use of labor, material and other resources. This structure includes the following elements:

• Problem (design).
• Methods of project implementation (ways of solving the problem).
• Effects obtained in the process of implementation.

Within the framework of the problem, the terms of the project implementation are established.

Specific features

The project management system is a purposeful and time-sequential structure. It usually includes complex, single and irregularly repeated actions (work or activities). The project implementation plan has the following features:

• Single-time and complex structure.
• Complexity.
• Specificity of financial and substantive results.
• Irregularity of the incarnation.
• The specificity of the initial and final terms is a predetermination in time.

Acting as a set of tasks and actions, this structure also has the following features:

• Clarity of set goals that must be achieved. At the same time, certain economic, technical and other requirements are simultaneously fulfilled.
• External and internal relationships of operations, work, tasks and resources used. All these elements require a fairly clear coordination in the course of the implementation of the idea.
• Limited resources.
• A certain level of uniqueness of the conditions of implementation, the objectives of the project.
• The inevitability of different conflicts.

Interested party

The project can be considered a certain commodity, which is realized in accordance with the conditions and needs of the customer - the potential owner. In a market economy, he acts as an interested person. The owner (customer) invests in the project own or borrowed funds. Being interested in the implementation of the plan, he makes decisions related to the issues of time frame of implementation, cost, quality, control and other.

Methods of project implementation: value

The techniques that are used in the embodiment of the conceived, allow:

• Identify the objectives of a set of activities, to justify its viability.
• Identify the structure of the project. In this case, we are talking about the definition of such elements as sub-goals, tasks, and those or other works that are mandatory for implementation.
• Identify the necessary sources and amounts of funding.
• Select the performers. The most common way to solve this problem is to advertise tenders or competitions.
• Prepare and conclude contracts.
• Determine the timing of implementation, establish a schedule of events, calculate the necessary resources.
• Provide for risks.
• Provide control over the process of translating ideas.

From the art of leadership and the coordination of material and human resources during the life cycle of the idea will depend on the results of the project. To achieve the goals in terms of scope and composition of work, quality, time, cost and satisfaction of participants, different methods are used.

Methods of project implementation: examples of schemes

There are several options through which a planned and effective implementation of the planned. In particular, they include:

• Scheme of advanced management. Within the framework of this system, the project manager (manager) assumes responsibility for implementation within the estimated (fixed) cost. It ensures the organization and coordination of processes in accordance with the agreements between him and the participants. As a manager, a consulting or contracting company can act (in some cases, an engineering firm).
• Accelerated construction scheme. In this case, the design and construction organization acts as the leader. The customer enters into a turnkey agreement with her.
• The main system. Under this scheme, the manager (manager), the agent (representative) of the customer, is not responsible for the financial nature of the decisions made. As it can act any company - participant in the project. In this case, the manager is responsible for organizing and coordinating the events. It does not consist in contractual relations with other participants (except for the customer). Advantage of this scheme can be considered the objectivity of the leader. The disadvantage is the fact that the risk lies with the customer.

Investment projects

This definition is considered in two senses. In particular, an investment project means an event, a case that involves the implementation of a specific set of actions, as a result of which the set goals will be achieved. On the other hand, it is a set of computational, financial, organizational and legal documents that are necessary for the implementation of some behavioral acts or for their description. As investments can act:

• Property rights, which, as a rule, are estimated in money equivalent, production secrets, licenses for transfer of the right of industrial property.
• Earth.
• Monetary assets or their equivalents (pledges, loans, loans, securities, shares and units in the authorized capital, working capital, deposits, etc.).
• Buildings, buildings, equipment and other property that has liquidity and is used in production.

Other classification

There are different types of projects. They are classified according to different signs. Certain methods of project implementation correspond to this or that type. Ways of implementation may depend on the resources used, the staffing, goals, volumes and other. Thus, the following types of projects are distinguished:

• Small. Such schemes use simplified methods of project implementation, methods of forming a team, and so on.
• Qualitatively defect-free. In such schemes, the quality factor (nuclear power plants) is dominant.
• Megaprojects. They are target areas, which include many interconnected complexes. Unified by common goals, allocated resources, as well as by the time allowed for their implementation.
• Multi-projects. They are a complex of several interrelated schemes.
• Monoprojects. Such structures are distinguished by clearly outlined resource, time and other frameworks. They are executed by a single team.

Work units

In any project, there are two purchased categories:

1. Main activity. It boils down to:

• Pre-investment activities.
• Planning.
• Formulation of documentation.
• Conducting trades, signing contracts.
• Implementation of construction and installation activities.
• Performing commissioning.
• Delivery of the project.
• Operation, production.
• Repair of equipment and development of production.
• Dismantling the equipment (closing the project).

2. Project support for the following:

• Organizational.
• Legal.
• Staffing.
• Material and technical.
• Financial.
• Marketing (commercial).
• Information.

Structure

It is an organization of relations and connections between project elements. Construction schemes usually have a variable hierarchical structure. It is formed in accordance with the operating conditions. With regard to real circuits, their internal device must be divided into:

• Elements of production.
• Stages of the life cycle.
• Components of the organizational structure (including implementation methods).

Structuring tasks

Due to the clear definition of the elements:

• The breakdown of the project into blocks that are manageable.
• The distribution of responsibility with regard to the use, implementation, carrying out of certain activities, establishing the connection of work with resources.
• Accurate analysis of required costs. They include money, time, material resources.
• Formation of a unified database for budgeting, planning and control over the direction of expenditure.
• Coordination of work with the accounting reporting of the enterprise.
• Transition from common goals to specific tasks that are performed by organizational units.

The sequence of actions for structuring

It is essential in ensuring the effective implementation of tasks. The process of structuring can be represented as follows:

• Formation of a tree of goals. In this case we are talking about drawing charts, graphs, reflecting how the goal is divided into subgoals of the next level. This expresses the relationship and subordination of elements.
• Drawing up a decision tree. This scheme reflects the structure of the task of optimizing a multi-stage process. Branches display the different events that occur, the nodes (vertices) reflect the areas in which the need arises.
• Formation of the tree of works. For each stage, the activities for the implementation of the conceived should be divided into parts.
• Creation of an organizational executive structure. The purpose of this action is not only to specify the performers. Work packages are created, in which the persons involved in their implementation are indicated. This allows you to prepare network graphs of nodal events.
• Formation of the structure of consumed resources. This is necessary for the analysis of the funds necessary for the execution of the work package. In addition, the departments responsible for carrying out these or those activities are identified.
• Formation of network models. In the course of the project implementation, trees of goals and subgoals are formed, and the structuring of resources of various kinds is carried out. In the hierarchically constructed graph, the resources necessary for each level are fixed.
• Drawing up the responsibility matrix.

Scientific approaches

Designing is a responsible exercise. It requires knowledge of the laws of social development. This means that it can not rely solely on the subjective needs of people. To get rid of subjectivism allow scientific methods of project implementation. In particular, they include the use of the matrix of ideas. This scheme involves the preparation of different solutions based on a number of independent variables. This method is very relevant for the implementation of social projects. As a rule, when they are implemented, there is limited resources.

One should also mention such important methods of implementing a social project as analogs and living in a role. These approaches can act as a model, a standard, even if in their structure not everything is worked through to the end. Getting into the role allows you to more accurately represent the tasks that should be put in the design. An analogy can be used to construct public goals in a global sense.

A very acceptable method in the social design is the association. In this case, by solving problems in another public sphere, one can find the right and easier way. In this method, there is a combination of such techniques as complete reorganization, modification and adaptation.