Medicine in Russia: history, development, problems

To date, many residents of our country believe that getting to a good doctor is a great success, akin to winning the lottery. I must say that medicine in Russia Now it is in decline, so about attentive and highly qualified doctors many patients can only dream of. The division into the rich and the poor is becoming more and more complete, not to mention other aspects of the life of the average person. In this regard, fee-based clinics that offer the patient quality service in the form of long-term admission and the appointment of a number of diagnostic measures, are becoming increasingly popular.

The history of medicine in Russia recorded a case when one famous therapist of the 19th century met on the threshold of the patient with the words: "Hello, a patient with mitral heart disease." Of course, such doctors are a rarity.

Also, the level of education of future doctors is of no small importance. Introduction of the procedure for training general practitioners in just one year will not only significantly reduce the quality of medicine in general, but may also increase the mortality rate among the population. For example, to become a doctor, in the 18th century it was necessary to learn from 7 to 11 years.

XVIII century. Origin

For the first time the term "medicine" in our country was used under Peter I. The emperor himself attached great importance to medicine, having opened a hospital school in 1707, and in 1764 - a medical faculty at Moscow University. Medicine in Russia at that time was transformed from a popular to a scientific one. If before conditional training was limited only to surgery, then under Peter I in the educational institution the following sciences began to teach:

• Pharmacology;
• Neurology;
• Dentistry;
• Maxillofacial surgery;
• Physiology and anatomy;
• Forensic medicine.

Many specialists traveled abroad and adopted the experience of foreign doctors. The emperor himself was quite closely engaged in the study of medical matters and successfully performed dental manipulations and operations to ordinary people and to members of the nobility.

XVIII century. Development

The development of medicine in Russia was in full swing. At the end of the 18th century, several hospitals, hospitals and the first psychiatric clinic were opened. It was with the advent of the latter that the birth of psychiatry as a science began. At the same time, the autopsy of the patient after his death became mandatory.

Despite the turbulent activity, the demographic situation was disappointing in connection with the epidemics of smallpox and plague. Medical figures of the time, for example SG Zybelin, linked the wide spread of diseases, as well as high infant mortality with a lack of proper hygiene among the population.

In the 90s of the 18th century, the Moscow University, which at that time became the largest center of education and science, was allowed to assign the degree of doctor of medical sciences. The first to receive this honorary title was FI Barsuk-Moiseev. Medicine in Russia began to replenish with qualified personnel.

Reform of medicine of the XVIII century

In the 18th century, a fundamentally new approach to the organization of medical care, training in the medical and pharmaceutical business was formed. Apothecary orders were created, the Chancellery of the main pharmacy, the Medical Chancellery, as well as reforms in the organization of the educational process and the formation of medical institutions. So, in 1753 PZ Kondoidi established a new system of education, according to which students spent 7 years at the university and at the end passed compulsory exams.

XIX century. Start

Medicine in Russia In the early 19 th century began to develop more rapidly. In order to study the medical case, special literature was required. Began to publish periodicals and the first manuals on anatomy, sponsored by medical luminaries of the time IV Buyalsky and EO Mukhin.

Obstetrics and gynecology were carefully studied. The results of research and experiments became a breakthrough in the prevention and treatment of diseases of female genital organs. Experiments were carried out on the activity of the central nervous system, which explained all the processes taking place in the body.

Researchers in this field (IE Dyadkovsky, EO Mukhin, KV Lebedev and others) formulated and developed the position of the reflex theory.

M. Ya. Mudrov founded a method of dialogue with the patient, which allowed even at the stage of questioning to identify the main signs of the disease and its etiology. Later this method was perfected by GA Zakhar'in.

XIX century. Development

The development of medicine in Russia was marked by replenishment of the list of diagnostic measures. In particular, GI Sokolsky singled out the method of percussion in the study of diseases of the thorax. In this regard, the scientist published the work "On medical research with the help of hearing, especially with the help of a stethoscope," which was published in 1835.

At the beginning of the 19th century, an institution for protection against plague, smallpox and other dangerous diseases was formed through vaccination. Many professors, when creating a tool, considered it their duty to try it on themselves. In connection with this, one of the Russian doctors, M. Ya. Mudrov, died heroically, the death of which was the greatest loss for Russia.

In 1835, the decree of the censorship committee determined the essence of teaching in medical universities, which was reduced to the divine nature of man. In fact, this meant that the history of medicine in Russia was to end at this stage. However, the doctors continued their research and achieved amazing results.

Results of the XIX century

In the 19th century, the foundations of all modern scientific positions in medicine, including dermatology, histology and even balneology, were laid. Thanks to the development of the most famous scientists of the time, anesthesia, resuscitation and physiotherapy methods were used. Also, such sciences as microbiology and virology were formed, which began to develop later.

The state of medicine in Russia in the 20th century

Since 1900, orthopedics, ophthalmology, oncology are developing rapidly. The most significant figures of the medical community were headed by clinics, institutes and schools - GI Turner, RR Vreden, EV Adamyuk and others.

A significant step forward is made in the field of obstetrics and gynecology, especially thanks to the work of VF Snegirev called "Uterine bleeding." NF Filatov creates the first pediatric school, publishes clinical guidelines and works on children's diseases and prevention.

Many other areas of medicine also did not stand still. In the 20th century, the most important discovery of the genetic code was made , which would allow scientists to fully investigate the human organism with high accuracy.

System Changes

The reform of medicine in Russia and other countries should be carried out constantly, because science does not stand still, as a result of which new drugs, methods of research and treatment appear. In addition, it is necessary to carry out a set of measures aimed at providing the entire population with qualified medical care, which today, unfortunately, not all Russians can count on.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, medical reform in Russia is being discussed by leading specialists. It is expected that funding for health facilities will change in 2015. Payment for staff will be done for the patient, not for the bed. All clinics will have a single price list, many are planned to be transferred to a seven-day work week. Also, hospital accounts will be used for charitable contributions, which at the moment have zero balance. It is assumed that the introduction of new funding standards will help the population to receive high-level services throughout the Russian Federation.

Opinions

However, modern medicine in Russia can not provide a high quality of care, so many experts believe that the change must begin with education. Also, doctors see in the reform a rollback to the old service system, which was supposed to be divided into hospitals for the poor and the rich.

The problems of medicine in Russia lie not only in inadequate financing Health institutions, but also in the complete indifference of some doctors to patients. Judging by the history of medical treatment, many doctors have laid their lives on the study and development of new methods of researching the body and its disposal from various diseases. Unfortunately, in modern medicine there is a tendency to monetize life.