Kirghiz SSR: history, education, coat of arms, flag, photo, region, capital, military units. Frunze, the Kirghiz SSR

The Kirghiz SSR is one of the fifteen former Soviet republics. It is the forerunner of modern Kyrgyzstan. Like other republics, this state education had its own peculiarities, connected with the history, culture, geographical location, economic conditions and ethnicity of the population. Let's find out in detail what the Kyrgyz SSR was like, its features and history.

Geographical position

First of all, let's find out the geographical location of this republic. The Kirghiz SSR was in the south of the USSR, in the east of its Central Asian part. In the north, it bordered the Kazakh SSR, in the west - from the Uzbek SSR, in the south-west and south - from the Tajik SSR, in the east, the state border with the PRC. The total area of the republic was almost 200,000 square meters. Km.

This state formation did not have access to the sea, and most of the country's relief is mountain massifs. Even intermountain depressions, such as the Issyk-Kul, Fergana and Jumgal pits, as well as the Talas valley, are located at a height of not less than 500 m above the level of the world's oceans. The main mountain massif of the country is the Tien Shan. The highest peak is Pobeda Peak. In the south of Kyrgyzstan there is the Pamir mountain system. On the border with Tajikistan is Lenin Peak.

The largest reservoir of Kyrgyzstan is Lake Issyk-Kul, located in the north-east.

Prehistory

In ancient times, the territory of Kyrgyzstan was inhabited by various Indo-European nomadic tribes, which in the early Middle Ages were replaced by the Turkic peoples. During all the Middle Ages, some groups of the Yenisei Kyrgyz came here from southern Siberia, who mixed with the local population, formed the modern ethnic face of the country and gave the name to the whole people. Especially intensive this resettlement occurred, since the XIV century.

The Kirghiz had to fight for independence with strong Uzbek states, in particular the Kokand Khanate. Its rulers subordinated a significant territory of Kyrgyzstan and in 1825 founded their fortress - Pishpek (modern Bishkek). In the course of this struggle in the XIX century, individual tribes accepted Russian aid and protection, and then citizenship. Thus, it was the Kirghiz who became the main supporters of Russian expansion into Central Asia among the local peoples.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the north of the future Kirghiz SSR was conquered by the Russian empire from the Kokand Khanate. The first Russian fortified fort was Przhevalsk (modern Karakol). On the lands of northern Kyrgyzstan and eastern Kazakhstan within the Russian Empire in 1867 Semirechenskaya oblast was established with an administrative center in the city of Verny (modern Almaty). The region was divided into five counties, two of which - the Pishpeks (the main city of Pishpek) and the Przhevalsky (the main town of Przhevalsk) - were Kirghiz. Initially, Semirechie was subordinated to the Steppe Governor-General, but in 1898 it was transferred to the Turkestan Governor General (Turkestan Territory).

In 1876, Russia completely defeated the Kokand Khanate and included all its territory, including southern Kyrgyzstan, in its structure. On these lands Fergana region was formed with an administrative center in Kokand. It, like the Semirechye region, was an integral part of the Turkestan region. The Fergana region was divided into five districts, one of which was the Osh (administrative center - the city of Osh), was located on the Kyrgyz lands.

Formation of the Kirghiz SSR

Actually, the beginning of the countdown of the long process of formation of the Kirghiz SSR can be considered revolutionary events of 1917. Almost 20 years have passed since the revolution until the time when the Kirghiz SSR was formed.

In April 1918, in the territory of the Turkestan Territory, which included all modern states of Central Asia and the southeast of Kazakhstan, the Bolsheviks created a large autonomous entity - the Turkestan ASSR, or the Turkestan Soviet Republic, which was part of the RSFSR. The Kyrgyz lands, as part of the Semirechenskaya and Fergana regions, also entered this formation.

In 1924, a large-scale plan for the national demarcation of Central Asia was implemented, during which all the major peoples inhabiting Turkestan, including the Kirghiz, gained autonomy. From parts of Semirechenskaya and Fergana regions, as well as a small region of the Syrdarya region (the north of present-day Kyrgyzstan), where the majority of the population were Kyrgyz, the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous District was established with an administrative center in Pishpek. This name was explained by the fact that at that time the Kyrgyz ASSR was called modern Kazakhstan, as Kazakhs were mistakenly called Kaisak Kirghiz by the tradition of tsarist times. However, already in May 1925 the territory of Kyrgyzstan became known as the Kyrgyz Republic, as Kazakhstan acquired the name of the Kazakh ASSR, and confusion no longer arose. Autonomy was directly part of the RSFSR, and was not a separate Soviet republic.

In February 1926, another administrative transformation took place - the Kirghiz Autonomous District became the Kyrgyz ASSR within the RSFSR, which provided for the granting of greater autonomy rights. In the same year, the administrative center of the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Pishpek changed its name to the city of Frunze, after the famous Red commander of the Civil War.

After 10 years, in 1936, the Kyrgyz ASSR was excluded from the RSFSR, like other republics of Central Asia, and became a full-fledged subject of the Soviet Union. There was formation of the Kirghiz SSR.

Republican symbols

Like every Soviet republic, the Kirghiz SSR had its own symbolism, which consisted of a flag, a coat of arms and a hymn.

The flag of the Kirghiz SSR was originally an absolutely red cloth on which the name of the republic in Kyrgyz and Russian was written in yellow capital letters. In 1952 the form of the flag was substantially changed. Now in the middle of the red cloth there was a wide blue band, which, in turn, was divided into two equal parts by white. In the upper left corner, there was a hammer and sickle, as well as a five-pointed star. All the inscriptions were removed. This flag of the Kirghiz SSR remained until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The hymn of the republic was a song with the words of Sydykbekov, Tokombayev, Malikov, Tokobayev and Abayldayev. The music was written by Maodybaev, Vlasov and Fere.

The coat of arms of the Kirghiz SSR was adopted in 1937 and was a complex image in a circle with an ornament. The coat of arms depicts mountains, sun, wheat ears and cotton branches, bound with a red ribbon. The coat of arms was crowned by a five-pointed star. Through him was thrown a tape with the inscription "Workers of all countries, unite!" In Kyrgyz and Russian. At the bottom of the emblem is an inscription with the name of the republic in the national language.

Administrative division

Until 1938, Kyrgyzstan was divided into 47 districts. At that time there were no larger administrative entities in its composition. In 1938, the districts of the Kirghiz SSR united in four districts: Issyk-Kul, Tien-Shan, Jalal-Abad and Osh. But some regions remained not in the district subordination, but in the republican subordination.

In 1939 all the districts received the status of oblasts, and those districts that had not previously been subordinated to the subordination united in Frunzenskaya oblast with the center in Frunze. The Kirghiz SSR now had to consist of five regions.

In 1944 Talas Oblast was singled out, but in 1956 it was liquidated. The remaining regions of the Kirghiz SSR, except Osh, were abolished from 1959 to 1962. Thus, the republic consisted of one area, and areas that did not enter it had direct republican subordination.

In subsequent years, the area is being restored, then again abolished. At the time of the collapse of the USSR, Kyrgyzstan consisted of six regions: the Chui (former Frunzenskaya), Osh, Naryn (former Tien Shan), Talas, Issyk-Kul and Jalal-Abad.

Control

The actual administration of the Kirghiz SSR until October 1990 was in the hands of the Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan, which, in turn, was subordinate to the CPSU. The highest organ of this organization was the Central Committee. We can say that the First Secretary of the Central Committee was the actual leader of Kyrgyzstan, although formally this was not the case.

The supreme legislative institute of the Kirghiz SSR at that time was a parliamentary body - the Supreme Council, which consisted of one chamber. He was only for a few days a year, and the permanent body was the Presidium.

In 1990 in KirSSR the post of the President was introduced, elections of which took place by direct voting. Since that moment, the President has become the official and actual head of Kyrgyzstan.

Capital

The city of Frunze is the capital of the Kirghiz SSR. So it was throughout the existence of this Soviet republic.

Frunze, as it was said earlier, was founded in 1825 as an outpost of the Kokand Khanate, and had the original name Pishpek. In the struggle against the Khanate, the fortress was destroyed by Russian troops, but after a while a new village appeared. Since 1878 the city is the administrative center of the Pishpek county.

Since 1924, when the national demarcation of the peoples of Central Asia happened, Pishpek was alternately the main city of the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous District, the Kirghiz Autonomous District and the Kyrgyz ASSR.

In 1926, the city received a new name - Frunze. The Kirghiz SSR throughout its existence from 1936 to 1991 had the capital precisely under that name. Pishpek was renamed after the famous commander of the Red Army, Mikhail Frunze, who, although a Moldavian by nationality, was born in this Central Asian city.

As already mentioned above, since 1936 Frunze is the capital of the Kirghiz SSR. During the period of industrialization in the USSR, large plants and enterprises are being built here. The city is constantly being improved. Frunze became more and more beautiful. The Kirghiz SSR could be proud of such a capital. By the early 90's, the population of Frunze was approaching 620 thousand people.

In February 1991, the Supreme Council of the Kirghiz SSR decided to rename the city to Bishkek, which corresponded to the national form of its historical name.

Cities of Kyrgyzstan

The largest cities of the Kirghiz SSR, after Frunze - Osh, Jalal-Abad, Przhevalsk (modern Karakol). But according to all-Union standards, the number of inhabitants of these settlements was not so great. The number of residents in the largest of these cities - Osh, did not reach 220 thousand, and in the other two there were even less than 100 thousand.

In general, the Kirghiz SSR remained one of the least urbanized republics of the USSR, therefore the number of rural population prevailed over the number of inhabitants of cities. A similar situation continues in our time.

Economy of the Kirghiz SSR

Accordingly, the proportions of the distribution of the population, the economy of the Kirghiz SSR was of an agrarian-industrial character.

The basis of agriculture was livestock. In particular, sheep breeding was the most developed. The development of horse breeding and cattle breeding was at a high level.

Crop production also occupied the leading positions in the economy of the republic. The Kirghiz SSR was famous for growing tobacco, grain, fodder, essential oil crops, potatoes and especially cotton. Photo collection of cotton in one of the collective farms of the republic is located below.

Industrial areas were mainly represented by the mining industry (coal, oil, gas), machine building, light and textile industries.

Military units

During the Soviet era, military units in the Kirghiz SSR were located quite a dense grid. This was due to the sparsely populated region, as well as to the important geopolitical position of the republic. On the one hand, Kyrgyzstan was close to Afghanistan and other countries of the Middle East, where the USSR had its own interests. On the other hand, the republic bordered on China, with which the Soviet Union at that time had rather tense relations, and sometimes even passed into armed confrontation, although it did not reach the open war. Therefore, the borders with the PRC constantly demanded an enhanced presence of the Soviet military contingent.

It is noteworthy, but the famous Ukrainian boxer and politician Vitali Klichko was born exactly in the territory of the Kirghiz SSR in the village of Belovodskoye, when his father, who was a professional military man, served there.

If you delve deeper into history, you can learn that during the Great Patriotic War in 1941, three cavalry divisions were formed on the territory of the Kirghiz SSR.

Liquidation of the Kirghiz SSR

In the late 80-ies in the Soviet Union came the time of change, which took the name of Perestroika. The peoples of the Soviet Union felt a noticeable political easing, which in turn not only brought about the democratization of society, but also launched centrifugal tendencies. Kyrgyzstan did not stand aside either.

In October 1990, a new post of President was introduced in the republic. And the head of the Kirghiz SSR was elected by direct vote. The victory in the elections was won not by First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan Absamat Masaliev, but by the representative of the reform movement Askar Akayev. This was an indication that the people needed change. Not the least role in this was played by the so-called "Osh massacre" - a bloody conflict that occurred in the summer of 1990 in the city of Osh between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks. This greatly undermined the position of the Communist elite.

On December 15, 1990, the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Kirghiz SSR was adopted, proclaiming the supremacy of republican laws over the all-Union.

On February 5, 1991, the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan adopted a resolution to rename the Kirghiz SSR to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. After the events of the August putsch, Askar Akayev publicly condemned the coup attempt by representatives of the State Emergency Committee, and on August 31, Kyrgyzstan announced the withdrawal from the USSR.

Thus ended the history of the Kirghiz SSR, and the history of a new country, the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, began.