Industry of China. Industry and Agriculture of China

The rapid development of China's industry began in 1978. It was then that the government began to actively implement liberal economic reforms. First of all, they concerned the reorientation of the main industries for export, attraction of foreign investments, and the creation of economic zones with a favorable tax and administrative climate. As a result, in our time this country is one of the world leaders in the production of almost all groups of goods.

Brief history of industrial development in China

However surprising this may sound, until the middle of the twentieth century, China was a state of a semi-feudal system with an undeveloped economy and production. In terms of industrialization, it lagged behind developed world countries for more than a century, and acted only as a raw material and agricultural appendage. The situation began to change after 1949, when the PRC was proclaimed. After a relatively short period of industrialization , China's industry and agriculture began to develop rapidly. Eloquent evidence of this can be called the fact that in only fifty years in the state appeared about 370 thousand new enterprises. The volume of production for this period of time increased 39 times. Today the country is at the leading position in the world in terms of the number of factories and factories. All of its industry is represented by 360 different industries. In connection with the extremely high rates of development, the government sometimes even has to restrain it. This is done to prevent jumps and another crisis in the world economy. The largest industrial centers of China are concentrated mainly in the coastal eastern provinces. These include Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Shandong and others.

Extraction of gas and oil

The country can boast a fairly rich bowels. Despite this, China's processing industries are much better developed than mining. Whatever it was, the size of natural gas reserves found in the southern and eastern regions of the country, according to researchers, is more than 4 thousand billion tons. As of today, less than 4% of them have been reconnaissance. As for oil production, it accounts for one-fifth of the production of fuel and energy resources of the Celestial Empire. The reserves of black gold, which provide 16% of export foreign exchange earnings, are about 64 billion tons. Currently, there are 32 enterprises in the country specializing in oil production. The largest local processing plants are located in the provinces of Tsaidam, Yumen, Dagang and Shandong.

Light industry

Even in pre-revolutionary times, China's light industry played a leading role in the structure of its economy. This sphere is still very important for the development of the country. Indeed, the food and textile industries account for almost 21% of all industrial products produced in the state. The leading enterprises that produce it are scattered all over the country. The food industry is most developed in the south-west of the Celestial Empire. In the north-western regions, there are mainly enterprises that specialize in animal husbandry and cotton processing. Northeast companies are mainly engaged in paper, dairy and sugar industries such as China's light industry. In general, the state has more than 23,000 textile companies, where the production and processing of raw materials are characterized by a clear orientation, as well as about 65,000 food industry enterprises. Do not forget with all this and the production of paper. Although it is not as large as the previous two branches, it still plays a very important role in the development of the country.

Heavy industry

Similarly to other branches of the economy, China's heavy industry is developing at a fairly high rate. For companies specializing in it, after a long recovery in the last few years, a certain reduction in production volumes has become characteristic. Along with this, according to many world analysts, this has nothing to do with product quality and pricing. The fact is that now the country has surplus capacity, which, against the background of slowing consumption not only in the state itself, but all over the world, simply needs to be reduced. The most profitable, as practice shows, as of today in this industry are small enterprises. Experts say that it can not continue for so long, therefore in the near future the market will necessarily be redistributed, after which about 5% of companies in this industry will go bankrupt or will be absorbed by large firms.

Mechanical engineering

Until the middle of the past century it played no role in the development of China's economy. Industry of the country practically did not manufacture machines and mechanisms with accessories, aircraft, tractors, cars and so on. In fact, mechanical engineering after the revolution of 1949 in China was created in a new way. During the First Five-Year Plan alone, more than 60 plants were built on the territory of the country (a third of them was built thanks to active technical support from the USSR). As a result, the situation has now changed radically. Currently, the industry produces more than 53,000 products and fully meets the domestic needs of the state. The largest engineering centers are Beijing, Shenyang, Shanghai and Tianjin.

Metallurgy

As noted above, the country is very rich in natural resources. Thanks to this, the metallurgical industry in China is also quite developed. Almost in every province or autonomous region there are enterprises of ferrous metallurgy, the total number of which exceeds the mark of 1,5 thousand. The state produces more than a thousand varieties of steel, including alloys for the aviation industry, characterized by high heat resistance, and high-alloy grades with predetermined characteristics. The main drawback, which is typical for most companies in this field, is the relatively low technical level of production and poor equipping them with modern technologies. Moreover, about 70% of such enterprises are not equipped with wastewater treatment plants at all. As for non-ferrous metallurgy, the conditions for its development can be safely described as favorable, since there are rich deposits of copper, manganese, zinc, silver, gold, lead and many other ores in the bowels of the earth. At the same time, we can not but note the fact that only a few of them developed actively only a few decades ago, and the development itself was carried out chaotically, without observing the elementary rules of safety.

Automotive industry

An important role for the country's economy is played by China's automobile industry. The effectiveness of the policy pursued by the government of the country in this direction is very high. First of all, it is expressed by the fact that the company successfully develops joint companies with many leading automakers. As of today, the Celestial Empire independently provides almost all domestic needs for vehicles. At the same time, their imports do not exceed the level of 10%. This situation is largely due to the fact that the government does not set the task of automating the population (own cars have only 1% of residents). A number of taxes, restrictions and duties have led to the fact that the car here is a luxury item.

Construction industry

Far from being the last in terms of development level is China's construction industry. This is not surprising, because in the country there are huge reserves of gypsum, graphite, quartz, high-quality clay, asbestos, limestone and mica. The most common among all types of building materials was the production of cement, which is established in the north-eastern region of the country. Most of the ceramic tile companies are concentrated in Boshan, Jiangxi, Urumqi and Shenyang, and brick factories near Beijing. The city of Sichuan is famous for its powerful asbestos enterprises.

Chemical industry

Despite the large reserves of gas, coal and phosphates, in the Middle Kingdom a long time was not paid attention to many industries. Some of them were simply re-created after the revolution. China's chemical industry was no exception. In the first half of the fifties of last century, there were 33 large companies specializing in this area. At the same time for such a short period of time, the range of products increased tenfold, to a mark of 900 titles. The largest chemical enterprises are in Nanjing, Shanghai, Harbin, Shenyang and Jilin.

Agriculture

The constant increase in the number of people leads to an increase in consumption of food products. In this regard, the Chinese government calls one of the priority tasks to ensure the further active development of such industries as China's food industry and agriculture. The country carries out a policy of all-round support of the peasantry with the aim of improving its standard of living and increasing the yield of cultivated plants. In particular, peasants are exempt from agricultural tax, product taxes, slaughter of livestock and other payments. In addition, citizens who are engaged in this industry are provided with all kinds of subsidies, subsidies, lucrative loans and even gratuitous assistance. Almost in all provinces, at the legislative level, the state guarantees the purchase of the harvest from the peasants. Separate words deserve the contribution of local breeders, who managed to produce a number of crops with a yield several times higher than that of traditional varieties.

Conclusion

This article briefly describes only the main industries of China. Without a doubt, the Celestial Empire has made great strides in other areas of economic activity. These include the development of information and biological technologies, pharmaceuticals, waste-free industries, communications, improving computer technology, developing new sources of energy, reducing pollution and many other areas.