Industries of specialization of Russian regions

The branches of the specialization of the economy play a key role in the development of the structure of the production complex of states and regions. They determine their positions in the territorial division of labor. In this regard, they are called still profiling, with international and interregional importance. Let's consider further branches of specialization of Russia.

General information

The branches of the specialization of the economic region are conditioned by the possibility to produce in a particular territory certain products in a volume much exceeding the needs of the given area. Such an indicator is achieved due to historical, natural and other conditions existing in the region. At the same time, production of such products is carried out at a relatively low labor cost.

Thus, the specialization sectors are the sectors that produce competitive goods on the foreign market, oriented on export. Their main feature is large volumes and efficiency of production capacities, participation in territorial trade turnover. Industries of specialization play a key role not only in the process of production and export. They affect the distribution of productive forces. They are the core to which the service, auxiliary and other complementary sectors are attracted.

Specificity

The branches of specialization are formed first of all, taking into account the region's capabilities to produce mass products, such goods, which at a small cost would constitute a significant share in the aggregate volume. Products are cheaper due to favorable conditions. Of particular importance are the main branches of specialization. They act as region-forming sectors, they give the maximum effect.

For each subject of the Russian Federation there is a special specialization. It is a complex of specific industries, through which not only the needs of the territory are met, but also the needs of other regions of the country. In some cases, the production scale is so wide that the products are also delivered to foreign markets. It should be noted that the specialization industries are not the only option for the region's participation in the territorial division of labor resources. Important in this case are the connections between administrative units.

Fields of specialization: Species

Classification of production sectors is carried out according to different criteria. For example, there is a division of industries in the following areas:

• Production infrastructure (communications, transport, construction).
• Social sphere (housing, sports, culture, health, education, etc.).
• Market infrastructure (insurance organizations, banks, exchanges, trade and so on).

In addition, there are local industries specializing in industry and agriculture. In different territories they are of local importance. Such industries satisfy needs in economically justified scales.

Territorial division of labor

In this area, there is a certain pattern. With the development of productive forces , the number of districts producing the same product increases. At the same time, the share of territories that produce these goods for a long time is usually reduced with a continuous increase in output.

When considering the significance of natural conditions and resources in the division of labor, two aspects must be taken into account. First of all, some stocks are not everywhere. The second aspect is that many natural resources are present in a variety of areas, but effective development is possible only in certain areas. A number of extractive spheres can develop exclusively in those areas where there are large reserves available for use in the present state of productive forces, communications, transport, and so on.

For example, huge deposits of coal in the Tunguska Basin are practically not used due to the inaccessibility of the deposit for development. But for the development of agricultural specialization of the Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Chernozem region all conditions have been created. Therefore, the cultivation of sunflower and sugar beet is so developed there.

Historical aspect

It is also of great importance in the territorial distribution of labor. So, for example, the old specialization industries of the Central District and a number of other areas have huge production funds of machine building, textile enterprises, highly qualified personnel. This objectively calls for the establishment of interregional cooperation, mutual exchange of products.

Dividing into groups

It is present in every district complex. There are three groups for each region.

The branches of the agricultural industry belong to the first. They have a leading role in the development of the production sector. On these industries, the regions specialize on an all-Russian scale. Due to more favorable conditions of a particular territory, the maximum productivity is achieved in these sectors at the same level of STP with other administrative units.

The second group includes branches of specialization that determine the structure of the economy, employment of citizens. In direct dependence on them is the category of conjugate sectors. However, this does not mean at all that in every region there should be a whole range of industries that ensure the development of the directions of the first group. In most cases this is inappropriate. For example, for such industries as tank building, robotics, instrument-making and electronics industries, auto industry, interregional cooperation and cooperation are more rational.

In the third group there are directions that produce products for local consumption. At the same time, internal resources are usually used in production.

Features of development

The above groups are interrelated in the production complexes of the regions. However, their ratio varies in accordance with the level of productive forces. For each of them, their own proportions are established between the groups. When there is a disproportion, losses occur, and the pace of economic development decreases. This, in turn, negatively affects the degree of use of labor resources.

The development of productive forces promotes the strengthening of territorial ties. The distribution of labor leads to an increase in the production potential of individual regions. So, the branches of specialization of Siberia in 1965 gave 6.5% of the total output in the country. In 2000, this indicator reached 14.7%.

Production Infrastructure

It can be classified on different grounds. The most relevant today is the division of functions. Transport is a complex of communication lines, cars of all kinds, technical devices, structures and structures that provide the movement of goods for different purposes and people. The energy sphere acts as a set of networks, through which electricity is supplied to consumers. This complex includes self-service units, power substations, power lines. Information communications include:

• Mail message.
• Ground and space communications, including wired, optical, radio communication.

Sewerage and water supply are represented by a set of pipeline communications and special facilities through which production and the public receive water. The development of the entire infrastructure is very fast. In the production sphere special zones are allocated:

• Free trade.
• Technical and production.
• Industrial-promotional.
• Integrated.
• Service.
• Innovative and so on.

Social infrastructure

Industry specialization is formed by:

• Exchange and distribution (insurance, crediting, trade).
• Consumer services (housing and communal services, passenger transport, consumer services, communication for the population).
• Health protection (social security, sanatorium-and-spa services, public health services, public support of citizens).
• Formation of scientific outlook and public consciousness (education, training, education, religion, art).
• Protection of order (state administration, defense, public organizations).

In the social infrastructure there is a fairly large number of diverse sectors. Therefore, in this sphere there is the problem of their complex development. In social infrastructure, as in other areas, there is a territorial structure. Its elements are represented by the following levels:

• Federal.
• Regional.
• Local.

Characteristics of elements

Trade is a national economic sector, which ensures the turnover of goods, the movement of products from the productive to the consumer sphere. This is done at different levels. Trade can be internal, external and international. Housing and communal services is a complex of enterprises, housing stock, farms and services that provide services to the public. In some regions, HCS participates in the maintenance of industries, supplying them with gas, water, and electricity. Health care includes social, state, economic and medical measures that are carried out by society and are aimed at improving, protecting the health of citizens. Infrastructure functions are: treatment and prevention of diseases, maintenance of work capacity. In general, the private, insurance and public health systems are singled out. The objectives of the education infrastructure include: pre-school education, education (primary, secondary and higher), advanced training and retraining. Military security includes: the use of weapons, the planning of military operations, the mobilization of troops and forces. The infrastructure of this industry applies to both the production and the social sphere. Scientific support is presented in the form of a material and technical base for the development of practical and theoretical activities.

Market

In this infrastructure there are:

• Logistics and wholesale. They are represented by a complex of institutions for the sale, acquisition, storage and accumulation of goods and funds. It includes: wholesale markets, marketing organizations, refrigerators, warehouses, food exchanges, sales and supply offices and bases, etc.
• Financial sphere. It is formed by banks and other institutions engaged in the circulation of funds that provide loans. Public and private organizations are included in this sphere. Between these institutions, there should be an operative exchange of information.
• Sport and tourism. This branch includes hotels, travel agencies, boarding houses, camp sites, sports facilities, transport of domestic routes, cultural and entertainment organizations.
• Recreational zones are regions providing complex services for tourism.

European part of the country

At present, there are significant differences in the development of the productive forces of the Western and Eastern territories. So, on the European part about 80% of processing enterprises are concentrated. At the same time, the specialization sectors of the Northern Economic Area and the eastern part include about 63% of the mining enterprises. This ratio indicates that the European regions are characterized by favorable conditions for increasing production capacity and technical re-equipment. Improvement of any branch of specialization of the Central region can occur with minimal capital investment. The existing sectors will not undergo major changes. The importance of the European zone should be increased due to the priority development of nuclear energy, engineering and other areas that determine the technical progress of the entire economic system of the country. Production growth should occur only at the expense of productivity increase with a relative decrease in the consumption of raw materials, fuel, water, materials, electricity.

In the field of specialization of the Urals it is inappropriate to allow the expansion of existing and deployment of new water and energy-intensive industries. Such enterprises in the region are needed to eliminate imbalances and implement structural changes. This will stabilize the fuel and energy balance. Today, the branches of the specialization of the Urals and the Far East to the European part are annually directed by about 1 billion conventional fuels.

Eastern zone

Its importance for the economy today is very large. In the long term, the role of the eastern sectors will only increase. This is due to large reserves of forest, gas, oil, coal and other resources, priority development of water and energy-intensive manufacturing industries. Particular attention should be paid to the location of the machine-building complex in the eastern part of the country. In territorial connections, a disproportion in the distribution of productive forces is found. If, for example, the specialization sectors of the Urals are exchanging within their zone, then in the eastern regions foreign exchange predominates with other zones. In the total export of engineering products within the European territory, supplies for its borders are about 18%, and imports - about 25%. In the eastern territories, there is a significant inconsistency between the range of machines produced and the equipment of the regional economy. The enterprises of the eastern part are characterized by narrow profile. In this regard, only 25% of engineering products are consumed within the zone. 75% is shipped outside its borders, including 72% in the specialization of the Volga, Central Asia, and Kazakhstan.