Gorky's works: a complete list. Maxim Gorky: Early Romantic Works

The great Russian writer Maxim Gorky (Peshkov Alexey Maksimovich) was born on March 16, 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod - died June 18, 1936 in Gorki. At an early age, "went to the people," in his own words. He lived hard, spent the night in a slum among all sorts of rabble, wandered, interrupted by an accidental piece of bread. Passed huge territories, visited the Don, Ukraine, the Volga region, South Bessarabia, the Caucasus and the Crimea.

Start

Actively engaged in socio-political activities, for which he was repeatedly arrested. In 1906, he went abroad, where he successfully wrote his works. By 1910, Gorky became famous, his work aroused great interest. Earlier, in 1904, critical articles began to appear, and then books about Gorky. Gorky's works interested politicians and public figures. Some of them believed that the writer is too loosely interprets the events taking place in the country. Everything that Maxim Gorky wrote, works for the theater or publicistic essays, short stories or multi-page stories, evoked resonance and was often accompanied by anti-government speeches. During the First World War, the writer took an openly anti-militaristic position. The Revolution of 1917 met enthusiastically, and turned his apartment in Petrograd into a turnout for political figures. Often, Maxim Gorky, whose works were becoming more topical, came forward with reviews of his own work, in order to avoid misinterpretation.

Abroad

In 1921, the writer goes abroad for a course of treatment. For three years, Maxim Gorky lived in Helsinki, Prague and Berlin, then moved to Italy and settled in the city of Sorrento. There he began to publish his memoirs about Lenin. In 1925 he wrote the novel The Artamonovs' Case. All of Gorky's works of that time were politicized.

Return to Russia

The year 1928 became a turning point for Gorky. At the invitation of Stalin, he returned to Russia and for a month moved from city to city, met people, got acquainted with achievements in industry, watched how socialist construction was developing. Then Maxim Gorky goes to Italy. However, in the next (1929), the writer again comes to Russia and this time visits Solovetsky special purpose camps. Reviews while leaving the most positive. On this trip Gorky was mentioned by Alexander Solzhenitsyn in his novel The Gulag Archipelago.

The final return of the writer to the Soviet Union occurred in October 1932. Since that time, Gorky lives in the former Ryabushinsky mansion on Spiridonovka, at the dacha in Gorki, and travels to the Crimea for rest.

First Congress of Writers

After a while the writer receives a political order from Stalin, who instructs him to prepare for the first congress of Soviet writers. In the light of this commission, Maxim Gorky creates several new newspapers and magazines, publishes book series on the history of Soviet factories and factories, the civil war and some other events of the Soviet era. Then they wrote plays: "Egor Bulychev and others", "Dostigayev and others." Some works of Gorky, written earlier, were also used by him in the preparation of the first congress of writers, which took place in August 1934. At the congress, organizational issues were mainly resolved, the leadership of the future Union of Writers of the USSR was elected, writers' sections on genres were created. Gorky's works were also ignored by the First Congress of Writers, but he was elected chairman of the board. In general, the event was considered successful, and Stalin personally thanked Maxim Gorky for his fruitful work.

Popularity

M. Gorky, whose works for many years caused fierce controversy among the intelligentsia, tried to take part in the discussion of his books and especially theatrical plays. From time to time the writer visited theaters, where he could see with his own eyes that people are not indifferent to his work. And indeed, for many, the writer M. Gorky, whose works were understandable to the common man, became the conductor of a new life. Theatrical spectators went to the play several times, read and reread books.

Early romantic works of Gorky

Creativity writer can be divided into several categories. Gorky's early works are romantic and even sentimental. They still do not feel the rigidity of political sentiments, which are saturated with later stories and the writer's story.

The first story of the writer "Makar Chudra" - about gypsy fleeting love. Not because fleeting, that "love came and went," but because it lasted only one night, without a single touch. There was love in the soul, without touching the body. And then the death of the girl from the hands of a loved one, the proud gypsy Rada passed away, and behind her, and Lojko Zobar - floated together in the sky, hand in hand.

Stunning plot, incredible force narration. The story "Makar Chudra" became for many years the card of Maxim Gorky, firmly taking first place in the list of "early works of Gorky."

The writer worked a lot and fruitfully in his youth. Gorky's early romantic works are a series of stories, the heroes of which are Danko, Sokol, Chelkash and others.

A short story about spiritual superiority makes one think. "Tchelkache" is a story about a simple man carrying high aesthetic feelings. Fleeing from home, vagrancy, complicity in crime. Meeting two - one is engaged in the usual business, another case leads. Envy, distrust, readiness for obedient service, fear and servility of Gavrila are opposed to courage, self-confidence, freedom of love for Chelkash. However, Chelkash does not need society, unlike Gavrila. Romantic pathos intertwines with the tragic. The description of nature in the story is also shrouded in a romantic flair.

In the stories "Makar Chudra", "Old Woman Izergil" and, finally, in the "Song of the Falcon" the motivation of the "madness of the brave" is traced. The writer puts the heroes in difficult conditions and then, beyond any logic, leads them to the finale. That's why the great writer's work is interesting, that the narrative is unpredictable.

Gorky's work "The Old Woman Isergil" consists of several parts. The character of her first story - the son of an eagle and a woman, the sharp-eyed Larra, is represented by an egoist incapable of high feelings. When he heard the maxim that it was inevitable that he had to pay for what he had taken, he expressed disbelief, stating that "I would like to remain unscathed." People rejected him, condemning him for loneliness. Larry's pride proved to be disastrous for him.

Danko is equally proud, but he treats people with love. Therefore, it extracts the freedom necessary for those who believed the tribesmen. Despite the threats of doubting that he is able to bring the tribe out of the dense forest, the young leader continues the path, drawing people behind him. And when all the forces were at an end, and the forest did not end, Danko ripped his chest, took out a burning heart and lit it with a flame that led them to the clearing. Ungrateful fellow tribesmen, having escaped to freedom, did not even look towards Danko when he fell and died. People ran away, on the run they trampled down the burning heart and it crumbled with blue sparks.

Gorky's romantic works leave an indelible mark on the soul. The readers sympathize with the heroes, the unpredictability of the plot keeps in suspense, and the ending is often unexpected. In addition, Gorky's romantic works are distinguished by deep morality, which is unobtrusive, but makes you think.

The theme of personal freedom dominates in the early works of the writer. The heroes of Gorky's works are freedom-loving and ready even to give up their lives for the right to choose their own destiny.

The poem "The Girl and Death" is a vivid example of self-sacrifice in the name of love. A young, full of life girl goes to a deal with death, for the sake of one night of love. She is ready to die in the morning without regret, just to meet again with her beloved one.

The king, who considers himself all-powerful, condemns the girl to death only because, after returning from the war, he was in a bad mood and did not like her happy laughter. Death spared Love, the girl remained alive and "bony with a scythe" was already above it is not powerful.

Romanticism is also present in the "Song of the Petrel". A proud bird is free, it is black like lightning, it rushes between the graying plain of the sea and the clouds hanging over the waves. Let the storm harder, the bold bird is ready to fight. A penguin is important to hide the body fat in the cliffs, it has a different attitude to the storm - no matter how dunk feathers.

Man in the works of Gorky

The special, refined psychology of Maxim Gorky is present in all his stories, while the individual is always assigned the main role. Even homeless vagrants, housekeeper characters, and those are presented by the writer as respected citizens, despite their plight. The person in the works of Gorky is at the forefront, everything else is secondary - the described events, the political situation, even the actions of state bodies are in the background.

Gorky's story "Childhood"

The writer tells the story of the life of the boy Alyosha Peshkov, as if on his own behalf. The story is sad, begins with the death of the father and ends with the death of the mother. Left orphaned, the boy heard from his grandfather, the day after the funeral of his mother: "You are not a medal, my neck does not stick to you ... Go-ka you in people ...". And he drove out.

Thus ends Gorky's work "Childhood". And in the middle there were several years of life in the house of my grandfather, the frying little old man who used to sabot on Saturdays with the rods of all who were weaker than him. And only grandchildren living in the house yielded to his grandfather, he beat them backhand, putting them on the bench.

Alexei grew up, supported by his mother, and in the house hung a thick fog of enmity with everyone. Uncle fought among themselves, threatened grandfather that he would be killed, his cousins drank, and their wives could not give birth. Alyosha tried to become friends with neighbor boys, but their parents and other relatives were in such intricate relationships with his grandfather, grandmother and mother that they could communicate only through a hole in the fence.

"At the bottom"

In 1902, Gorky turned to a philosophical theme. They created a play about people who, by the will of fate, descended to the very bottom of Russian society. Several characters, the inhabitants of the doss house, the writer depicted with frightening authenticity. At the center of the story are homeless people who are on the verge of despair. Someone is considering suicide, someone else is hoping for the best. M. Gorky's work "At the bottom" is a vivid picture of the social and everyday disorder in society, which often turns into a tragedy.

The owner of the lodging house Mikhail Ivanovich Kostylev lives and does not know that his life is constantly under threat. His wife Vasilisa incites one of the guests - Vaska Pepel - to kill her husband. This ends: the thief Vaska kills Kostylev and sits in prison. The rest of the dweller lives in an atmosphere of drunken revelry and bloody fights.

After some time, there is a certain Luca, a projector and a weeping. He "floods", how much in vain, it leads to lengthy conversations, promises to all indiscriminately a happy future and full prosperity. Then Luke disappears, and the unfortunate people, whom he reassured, are in confusion. There was a severe disappointment. A forty-year-old homeless, nicknamed Actor commits suicide. The rest are also close to this.

The house-lodge, as a symbol of the impasse of the Russian society of the end of the XIX century, an open ulcer of the social order.

Creativity Maxim Gorky

• "Makar the Miracle" - 1892 year. A story about love and tragedy.
• "Grandfather Arkhip and Lyonka" - 1893 year. The beggar is a sick old man and with him is a grandson of Lyonka, a teenager. First, the grandfather does not stand up to adversities and dies, then the grandson dies. Good people buried the unfortunate near the road.
• "The Old Woman Isergil" - 1895. A few stories of an old woman about selfishness and selflessness.
• "Chelkash" - 1895 year. A story about "an avid drunkard and dexterous, bold thief."
• "The Spouses of Orlov" - 1897. A story about a childless couple who decided to help sick people.
• "Konovalov" - 1898 year. A narration about how Aleksandr Ivanovich Konovalov was hanged in a prison cell, arrested for vagrancy.
• "Foma Gordeev" - 1899 year. A story about the events of the late XIX century, taking place in the Volga city. About a boy named Foma, who considered his father a fabulous robber.
• "Bourgeois" - 1901 year. A story about philistine roots and a new trend of time.
• "At the bottom" - 1902 year. A sharp, topical play about homeless people who have lost all hope.
• "Mother" - 1906 year. A novel on the theme of revolutionary moods in society, about events occurring within a manufacturing factory, with the participation of members of the same family.
• "Vassa Zheleznova" - the year 1910. A play about a young 42-year-old woman, the owner of a shipping company, strong and domineering.
• "Childhood" - 1913 year. The story of a simple boy and his not an easy life.
• "Tales of Italy" - 1913. A cycle of short stories on the topic of life in Italian cities.
• "Passion-face" - in 1913. A short story about a deeply unhappy family.
• "In people" - in 1914. A story about a little boy running errands in a fashionable shoe store.
• "My universities" - 1923 year. A story about Kazan University and students.
• "The Blue Life" - 1924. A story about dreams and fantasies.
• "The Artamonovs' Affair" - 1925. A tale of events taking place at the fabric factory.
• "The Life of Klim Samgin" - 1936. Events of the beginning of the XX century - Petersburg, Moscow, barricades.

Every story you read, a story or a novel, leaves an impression of high literary skill. Characters carry a number of unique features and characteristics. Analysis of Gorky's works Assumes comprehensive characteristics of the characters with a subsequent summary. The depth of the narrative is organically combined with uneasy but understandable literary devices. All the works of the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky entered the Golden Fund of Russian Culture.