External and internal decoration of the Russian hut

The interior of the Russian hut is an integral part of the history and culture of Russia. It was she, the old hut, who became the main part of folklore and even the heroine of many fairy tales and legends. Remember even the hut on the chicken legs - the fabulous dwelling of Baba-Yaga, a terrible sorceress who frightens young children. It is also often traced around the finger of the main fairy-tale heroes.

So, Ivan-Tsarevich appeals to her for help, in order to save his beloved from terrible fate, and not without cunning receives the gifts of the old witch. Babka-Yozhka is a negative character who helps in the creation of atrocities Koshchei Immortal, Snake Gorynych and Cat Banyun. But along with this, this "heroine" is quite funny, funny and satirical.

On the origins

The word "hut" in Rus had many interpretations depending on the place of residence of people, therefore it was called differently. There are synonyms such as: yzba, isba, exhaustion, source and source. These words are often used in Russian annals, which, again, speaks of the continuity and connectedness of housing with human life. This phrase has a direct connection with such Russian verbs as "drown" or "drown". This building was primarily a functional load, because it was intended to warm up in frosts and to shelter from natural conditions.

What was the hut in general

The interior decoration of the Russian hut is difficult to imagine without a stove, because it was the center of the room and its favorite part. It is known that many Eastern Slavic peoples, Ukrainians, Russians and Byelorussians, the term "tributary" was preserved. Well and, as it was spoken earlier, it designated a heated structure. It was also a storehouse for storing vegetable stocks, and a living room of various sizes.

To know how to draw the decoration of a Russian hut, you need to understand what it meant to a person. A landmark event was the construction of a house for a peasant. It was not enough to solve a practical task and secure a roof over your head. First of all, the house was a full-fledged residential space for the whole family. The decoration of the old Russian hut should have been filled to the fullest extent possible with all the necessary amenities, provide the residents with warmth, give them love and a sense of peace. Such a dwelling can be built only by the ancient precepts of ancestors, and the traditions of the peasants are always observed very carefully.

About Traditions

Of particular importance in the construction of the house was the choice of location, so that the structure would later be light, dry and high. Ritual value was no less important.

A happy place is one that passed a strict test of time and was habitable before: it became prosperous for the former owners who lived here. The terri- tories near the graves, the bathhouses that were built there earlier, and also near the road were considered unsuccessful. It was believed that the devil himself walked along this path and could look into the dwelling.

About the building material

Materials for the construction of the hut were chosen very carefully. Russians used to build logs of pine or larch. These trees have long and even trunks, they lie flat and closely adjoin each other. They keep the internal heat well and do not rot for a long time. The choice of logs in the forest was quite a difficult task, for centuries, a set of rules was passed from fathers to children, an algorithm for selecting logs. Otherwise, if you choose the wrong, unfit material - the house will bring troubles and misfortunes.

Even the inner decoration of the Krestian hut could not be cut down by the sacred trees. They could bring heavy illnesses into the house. There was a belief that said such special breeds should live only in the forest and die with their death. If you break the ban, they will bring death and sorrow into the house.

Dry wood was also unfit for construction. The place where the trees grew was also important. A tree that grew at the crossroads of forest roads is "riotous" and can bring a great misfortune to the house - to destroy the frame and thereby kill the owners of the house.

Rituals

Without rituals, the Slavs could not do without the process of erecting a house. At the beginning of the construction, a sacrifice was made. The victim in this case was a chicken or a sheep. This process was carried out when laying the first wreath of the hut. Under the logs they put money, wool and grain as symbols of wealth, prosperity, love, family warmth. Also, incense was placed there as a sign of the holiness of the house, as well as a kind of guard against evil spirits. At the end of the work (construction), all participants in the process sat down at the table and were treated to delicious dishes.

A terrible sacrificial rite was held for good reason. The victim had to create a fortress at home and save himself from adversity. Sometimes a man was brought to the gods, but that in rare cases, in order to protect the whole tribe from enemies. Most often betrayed the suffering of large cattle: a bull or a horse. During the archaeological excavations on old houses were found precisely their skeletons, as well as horse skulls.

A special pit was made for the ceremony, the remains had to be placed there. She was under a red corner, where the icons and other amulets were located. There were other favorite animals for construction sacrifice. Such a favorite for the Slavs was a cock or a chicken. This is evidenced by the tradition of placing weather vanes in the form of males, as well as an image or figurine of this animal on the roof of the house.

One can cite as an example the immortal classic work of NV Gogol "Wii". All the evil spirits disappeared after the rooster shouted. Therefore, the "screamer" is called upon to protect the dwelling from evil spirits. Photo, the decoration of the Russian hut on which is shown in all its glory, are presented in this article.

Roof Construction Diagram

The roof was also made according to a special scheme:

• Trough;
• Ohlupen;
• Stamik;
• Slipping;
• flint;
• Prince's footprint (knes);
• A general slug;
• male;
• Poval;
• Prichelin;
• a hen;
• Pass;
• bull;
• oppression.

General view of the hut

The decoration of the Russian hut from the outside, such as our great-grandfathers imagined and built, was special. According to old traditions, cottages were built for thousands of years. The Russian decoration of the hut depended on where the person lived and to what tribe he belonged, because each tribe had its own traditions and laws, according to which they can be distinguished.

And even now it is impossible not to distinguish huts in the European territory of Russia. After all, in the north, chopped houses prevailed, since there was plenty of wood there. In the south, there were huge clay reserves, so huts and mud huts were built from it. The interior of the Russian hut was also decorated. Photos are a clear example of this.

According to ethnographers, no people's thought was created immediately in its original form, such as we can observe now. History, culture, and with them the thought of people, changes and develops, bringing harmony, beauty and the great power of love into everything that has been created. This applies to the dwelling, which was formed and became more and more functional and convenient. These statements are proved by the mass of archaeological excavations carried out.

The Russian decoration of the hut largely depended on the climatic conditions in which people lived, and on the available building material. So, in the north there was a moist soil and dense forests full of logs, suitable for the construction of dwellings, and in the south, other products prevailed and were actively used. Proceeding from this, semi-dugouts were common in the southern regions. This doom was with a depression a meter and a half into the ground, respectively, had a bulk floor. This type of dwelling in Rus existed until the 14th and 15th centuries.

After this time period, they began to build land constructions with wooden floors, because they learned how to process logs and make boards from them. Also houses were made, raised above the ground. They were more multifunctional, because they had 2 floors and provided opportunities for a comfortable life, storage of vegetable stocks, hay and housing for cattle in one house.

In the north, with an abundance of dense forests and a fairly damp, cold climate, the semi-dugouts quickly turned into land-based houses, faster than in the south. Slavs and their ancestors occupied a rather large territory and differed from each other by centuries of traditions, including in the construction of housing. But each tribe is best suited to the environment, so you can not say that some huts were worse. Everything had its place. Now you can understand how to draw the decoration of the Russian hut.

More about construction

Below is a photo. The decoration of the Russian hut on it is shown the most typical for Ladoga, corresponding to the time period of the 9-11th centuries. The base of the house was square, that is, the width was equal to the length, which reached 5 meters.

The construction of the log hut required an attentive and careful approach, since the wreaths had to coincide, and the logs - tightly adjoining each other, and all the work was a waste.

The bars had to be as tight as possible to protect the inhabitants from cold winds and drafts. Therefore, deepening was made in the timber through one log. In this hole another bulge was laid with a bulging edge. The grooves between them were warmed by marsh moss, which carried not only thermal insulation value, but also antibacterial. From above, this building was smeared with clay.

On the nuances of construction

The interior of the Russian hut sometimes meant an earthen floor, which was watered and tamped, making it hard and smooth. During the cleaning, a layer of dirt simply swept away with a broom. But most often the interior decoration of the peasant hut assumed a wooden floor and raised above the ground to a height of one and a half meters. This was done in order to build an underground. From it to the living room with the oven led hatch. All the vegetable stocks were kept in the underground.

The Russian decoration of the hut among wealthy people meant another superstructure on top. Outside, this house looked like a three-story house.

About extensions

The interior decoration of the Russian hut also had a few nuances. Russian people often built an entrance hall to their dwelling with large wide windows. It was called the canopy. So, at the entrance to the house it was necessary to first go into the passage, and then go into the upper room. This hallway in width reached 2 meters. Sometimes the canopy was connected to the cowshed, therefore, accordingly, they were made larger.

In addition, this annex had a lot of other uses. They kept good and made something necessary in bad weather, because the peasant never sat idle. In the summer, you can also put the guests to sleep after a noisy holiday. This dwelling scientist-archeologists gave the name "two-chamber", because it represented 2 rooms.

The interior decoration of the peasant hut could not be done without a cage. Since the beginning of the 10th century, this room serves as an additional bedroom, which was used only in the summer, since it was not heated. There you could store food all year round. And in winter - even perishable dishes, because there is always cold.

How it was built

The roof in the hut was made using several techniques: it could be wooden, shingle, fleece or drani. With the development of history, and with it the skills of the people, in the time period of the 16th and 17th centuries, the Slavs developed a unique concept for covering the roof with birch bark, which protected from leaks. She also carried an aesthetic purpose, as she betrayed the variegated construction. On the roof laid a little land and turf. This was an old "smart technology", the protection of the house from a fire.

Dugouts and semi-zemlyanki windows, as a rule, did not have. The internal decoration of the Russian hut because of this, of course, did not look like the way we used to imagine. There were small window openings, the stomachs of large cattle. However, later, when the hut "grew" above the ground, began to make large glazed windows that not only missed the light, but also allowed to see what was happening on the street. The exterior decoration of the Russian hut presupposed glazed window frames, which in the beginning (10th century) were only for well-to-do owners.

The toilet in Russia was called "zadok" and was located, as a rule, in the passage. It was a hole in the floor, which "looked" down, toward the ground level, where they usually kept cattle. He appeared in the huts from the 16th century.

About the construction of windows

Russian decoration of the hut in the late time was not represented without windows. Usually the window opening was 2 adjacent logs, which were cut to half. There was inserted a rectangular frame, which had a latch, which "walked" in the horizontal direction.

The internal space of the hut

The interior of the Russian hut was from one to three residential buildings. The entrance to the house began with a passage. The premise intended for habitation was always very warm and heated by an oven. The interior of the hut (photo) perfectly illustrates the life of the commoners of those times.

As for wealthy peasants and people with a high rank, there was also an additional room in their dwelling, which was called a room-room. In it, the hosts welcomed guests, and it was also very warm, bright and spacious. It was heated by a Dutch oven.

The interior of the Russian hut was not represented without a wind oven occupying most of the room, which was located at the entrance. However, in the southern part of the country it was located in the far corner.

The interior decoration of the Russian hut was special, but at the same time simple enough, the placement of objects. The dining table usually stood in a corner, diagonally from the oven. Directly above it was a "red corner" with icons and other amulets. Along the walls stood benches, above them were shelves built into the walls. Such an interior decoration of the Russian hut (photo) was almost everywhere.

The furnace had a multifunctional load, as it brought not only warmth and delicious food, but also had a berth.

The interior decoration of the Russian hut also demonstrates that there was much in common with the traditions of the East Slavic peoples, but there were also differences. In the north of Russia, people built stove-stones. They got their name because they were made of stone without using any binding solution.

In the regions of Staraya Ladoga, the base of the stone furnace was 1.5 meters across. The decoration of the peasant hut in the area of Izborsk assumed a stove made of clay, but on a stone foundation. In length and width it reached up to 1 meter, as well as in height.

In the southern regions of the East Slavic countries, the furnace was built larger and broader, its stone foundation was laid with an approximate calculation of one and a half meters in length and 2 in width. In height, such furnaces reached 1.2 meters.