Enclave - what is it? State enclaves

Enclave - what does this concept mean? The word comes from the Latin "inclavo", which translates as "lock on the key." Apply this term to a territory or part of a state that has the following characteristics:

- has no access to the sea;
- is in full surroundings of the land territory of another country or several.

Political affiliation

Enclave - what is this territory? It is an integral part of the state to which it belongs. Sometimes such territory has a partial access to the sea. Then it is called a semi-enclave or a coastal enclave.

The presence of a separate part of the country's territory also implies some related international legal relations. For example, to get to the area that is an enclave, it is necessary to pass through the territory of another state. In addition, in this region may appear vital problems that must be resolved for its normal existence. All arising questions, as a rule, are solved at signing of contracts between the interested countries.

Varieties

What is an enclave? The definition of this concept has already been given. In simple terms, it is a piece of one country that is located inside another. However, there are cases when there is another separate island on any isolated territory. This formation is called the second-order enclave. In such a situation, in order to get to part of the territory of the country that is inside, it will be necessary to cross two borders.

There is one more similar concept - exclave. It refers to an untrusted region, which is separated from the main territory of the state and is surrounded by other countries. The semi-exclave has an outlet to the sea.

One and the same separated region can be named in different ways. For the country to which it belongs, it will be an exclave. Other states consider it an enclave. The same terminology exists for semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves.

Examples

There is a fairly large number of territories and settlements, which can be said to be an enclave. An example of this is Sankovo-Bear, located in Belarus on the territory of the Gomel region. It belongs administratively to the Bryansk region of the Russian Federation. For Russia, Sankovo-Medvezhye is an exclave, and for Belarus - an enclave.

Another example is Alaska. This territory is considered a semi-exclave of the USA and a semi-enclave of Canada. To the Mediterranean Sea there is the exit of Melilla and Ceuta. These are semi-enclaves for Morocco and semi-exclaves for Spain. On the cape of the Pskov lake there is the village of Dubki. It is separated from Russia by Estonian territory. Consequently, this is semi-exclave from the point of view of Russia and the semi-enclave from Estonia.

Countries-enclaves

The term, indicating the isolation of the territory, can be applied not only to the part separated from the main state. This concept is also used in a slightly different interpretation. In world practice there are enclave states. For them, the term "exclave" is not used.

The enclave state - what is it? These are countries whose territory is in the full circle of another country. At the same time, they do not have access to the sea. In the world there are three such states. Their list includes San Marino and the Vatican. These countries are located in Italy. The third enclave state is Lesotho. It is located in the territory of South Africa. Some signs of statehood are endowed with the Order of Malta. He owns territory inside Italy.

In world practice, there are also semi-enclave states. They have access to the sea. An example is Brunei. This country is surrounded by Malaysia and the South China Sea. Another half-enclave state is Portugal. It is surrounded by the territory of Spain and has access to the Atlantic Ocean.

A part of the fort of Sant'Angelo, which is located on the territory of Malta and belongs to the Order of Malta, is considered a semi-enclave.

Settlements

What is an enclave? The definition given above refers to this notion not only of the state. It deals with the territories of settlements. Thus, the German enclave city of Büsingen am Rhein is completely surrounded by Swiss territory. Its population is almost one and a half thousand people. From Germany, the city is separated only by a strip of land, the width of which is less than one kilometer. And on the narrowest part of this lintel there is a Swiss village called Dorflingen. In 1918, a referendum was held in Büsingen. On it, ninety-six percent of residents voted to join Switzerland. However, this did not happen. Switzerland failed to offer Germany anything in return.

There is a city-enclave in Ukraine. This is Slavutich. This settlement and the adjacent territory are administratively related to the Kiev region. However, on all sides, it is surrounded by lands that are subordinate to the Chernihiv authorities.

Administrative part of Moscow is the city of Zelenograd. However, its territory is separated from the capital. Surrounds Zelenograd Moscow region.

Life of enclaves

Why do sovereign territories of one state arise on the territory of another? Enclave - what is it? Anomaly? After all, this is a region that can be reached only when crossing another state. At the same time, it is inconvenient for the functioning of the economy and administrative management. Moreover, the very existence of the enclave contradicts the idea of the inseparability of the national state. It would seem that any country would be just happy to get rid of the territory divided with it. However, in practice this does not happen. Zones of many enclaves are very persistent even before the threat of war, changes in economic systems or borders. In addition, the enclaves of the world are increasing. A large number of such territories appeared after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Almost twenty new enclaves appeared at that time in Asia and Europe.

From the point of view of the economic sphere, the enclaves are divorced from the mother countries. Under such unusual conditions, one of them succeeds in flourishing, while others are in decline. For example, Hong Kong. By the time of transition to the sovereignty of the PRC, it has become a vivid example of global globalization and free trade.

On the basis of developed trade and tourism small enclaves are located in Western Europe. Among them are the Belgian Baarle-Hertog, the Austrian Jungholz and the Italian Campione. The same success was achieved by American Point Roberts. However, there are other examples.

Nearly two hundred Indo-Bangladesh enclave territories suffer from poverty and do not have electricity. Separate territories in the Fergana Valley, despite the availability of fertile lands and magnificent landscapes, develop much worse than their neighbors. In the intermediate position are the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation, as well as the Spanish Melilla and Ceuta. For their economic well-being, they are endowed with federal subsidies and benefits.

Marine Territories

Russia belongs to the enclave in the Sea of Okhotsk. This is a territory of fifty two thousand square kilometers, recognized by the United Nations as part of the continental shelf of the Russian Federation.

This enclave is located in the heart of the Sea of Okhotsk. Previously, the whole impressive territory was considered an open sea. Here vessels could freely fish and move around the world. In November 2013, Russia proved its rights to the water area, the area of which is larger than the territory of Belgium, Switzerland and Holland. At the moment, this enclave is the internal sea of the Russian Federation. Russia's requirements for fishing, environmental protection, security, etc. should be met on its territory.

The concept of ethnic enclaves

There are certain territories where one people live compactly in the environment of a territory inhabited by another people. Such places are ethnic enclaves. These territories, as a rule, are considered sources of tension. For example, the Somali ethnic enclave in Ethiopia.

Causes of appearance

Ethnic enclaves arise for a number of reasons. Such formations are the result of the following processes:

- migration of entire ethnic communities;
- the desire for a compact settlement of an ethnic group in an alien environment;
- Forced territorial concentration of a certain nationality.

Naukograd

In the Moscow region there is a kind of enclave - Dubna, a city on the territory of which a special economic zone of a technical-innovative type has been created. This status is assigned to this locality in a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, which was signed on December 21, 2005.

Within the boundaries of the site of this zone, a preferential treatment is applied for taxation in the sphere of conducting technical and innovative activities.

The history of the city of Dubna, located on both banks of the great Volga, began in 1956. This settlement is located near Moscow, one hundred and twenty kilometers to the north, at the border with the Tver region. With the capital, the city is connected by Dmitrov highway, by water and by rail. A hundred kilometers from Dubna is the airport "Sheremetyevo".

The city has a worldwide reputation as a major scientific center. In Dubna is the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. It is an intergovernmental international research organization that cooperates with almost 200 world scientific centers. Scientists working at JINR have made about forty different discoveries in the field of nuclear physics.

The city has a great scientific and production potential. In its institutions there is a modern laboratory-testing and scientific base, high-tech production facilities that are serviced by a highly qualified staff. Dubna provides priority to the Russian Federation in applied and fundamental science, security, defense, instrumentation, nuclear power, communications and medical equipment.