Dymkovskaya painting. Elements of the Dymkovo painting

Dymkovo toy - a bright representative of Russian folk clay art. It is she who provides a unique opportunity to trace how this folk art developed for a long time, replacing many generations and dynasties of masters.

Dymkovskaya painting: history

The founder of this folk craft was a small settlement Dymkovo (hence the name), located near the city of Kirov.

Initially, in the process of painting a Dymkovo toy, only aniline paints were used , which were required to be planted. For this purpose, peroxide kvass or vinegar was used. The brush was made independently and was a canvas flap wound on a wooden stick. Such a homemade art instrument was used when it was required to draw a line. In order to draw a speck of the master used the butt of an evenly cut rod.

Manufacture of a Dymkovo toy

These toys and to this day completely man-made art. Each representative is a work of one master. To produce the figure, local red clay is used, which is thoroughly mixed with fine sand. Figures are molded in parts, then the finished parts are joined and dolplevayutsya.

Before firing ready figures, they must be dried beforehand. This process takes 2 to 20 days. Burn products in the oven at a temperature of 700 to 800 degrees. Then the surface of the toy is covered with special temperature whitewashes. In the old days, chalk, diluted with milk, was used for these purposes.

At this process of manufacturing the toy is over. Next comes the Dymkovo painting. It is a completely unique national style.

Elements of the Dymkovo painting

To paint these toys, masters always used a rigorous geometric ornament. Dymkovskaya painting is a combination of circles, zigzags, strict straight or wavy lines. There are always round spots, cages and just points.

Elements of the Dymkovo mural also include rhombuses made of gold leaf or poured, which are pasted over the already applied pattern.

Each master applies the elements of the ornament to the figure in accordance with personal wishes, in different order and different combinations. At the same time, the product can be almost completely covered with a pattern, and sometimes author's laconism can be traced. That's why among the whole variety of Dymkovo toys it is simply impossible to find two identical figures.

For Dymkovo painting is characterized by the use of special signs, symbolizing the desire for truth, beauty and a healthy lifestyle. All the patterns of the traditional painting of the Mist are related to nature and various amulets.

Each element of the picture has its hidden meaning. So, the wavy line is a symbol of water. Crossed straight strips mean a well log, and a circle with a star in the middle represents the sun. Dymkovskaya painting, pictures of which you can see a little lower, has also various vegetative elements: grains, berries, leaves and flowers.

The form of a Dymkovo toy

Classic for Dymkovo toys are the figures of horsemen, roosters and horses. Female figures have expanding bell-shaped skirts and high headdresses - kokoshniki. Here the expressiveness of details is of particular importance: the elegance of the hairstyle and headdress, all kinds of frills, pelerines, umbrellas, handbags and other ladies' accessories.

The coloring of human figures had a certain sequence. At first black hair was drawn with hair, eyebrows and eyes. Three orange or red spots, placed on the face of the toy with the help of a larva, meant the mouth and cheeks. Then the hat was painted and, at the very least, a bright skirt.

Characteristics of animal painting

The painting of the Dymkovo toy has its own peculiarities. Each clay character is painted in a special way. Traditional figures of riders, roosters and other people's favorite characters are painted very brightly, even fantastically: the horse can have bright blue apples on its sides, the turkey has an enchantingly colorful fan-shaped tail, and the goat is red with a gilded horn.

Ducks - "lionfish" have a distinctive feature: a horizontal row of wings. When you look at such a ducky, it seems that she wears two aprons with a stucco frill. In addition, the painting of the toy provides for a certain sequence of patterning. The first is applied a wide strip, passing on the duck's chest, narrower stripes diverge from the neck, and only later are the transverse lines forming a traditional checkered pattern.

The painting of whistles in the form of skates combines vertical stripes with rows of multicolored peas. The used shades do not necessarily harmonize with each other.

Ducks and horses are the most popular images of animals used to create a Dymkovo toy. Goats, cows, sheep and pigs, as well as poultry are much less common. Anatomical details, as a rule, are not observed, therefore all animals somewhat resemble the Dymkovo horses. Only the shape of the muzzle gives an opportunity to understand who is in front of us. The painting of these animals is represented by longitudinal rows of dots of dark color or small peas that have different shades.

Dymkov colors

The patterns of the Dymkovo painting are unusually bright. Blue, red, orange, yellow, crimson, emerald and green shades are the primary colors used in the technique in question. Brown and black paint are used only in small quantities.

It should be noted that the selected tones also have their own symbolic values. Green in the representation of the common people is closely connected with the concept of life, symbolizes nature and peasant arable land. Moral purity, good and truth is, of course, white. Red color symbolizes not only fire, but also is the embodiment of health, strength and beauty. Blue is the color of the sky.

Decoration

The final step in decorating the toy is applying the gilding. This is what distinguishes the Dymkovo toy, introducing its unique features. In Russia, for these purposes, real gold leaf was used , which is a very thin gold plate, shifted with paper ribbons (this did not allow gold to stick together). Small rhombs were cut from it, and they were stuck in the right places with the help of egg white.

The present Dymkovo painting

To paint toys in modern production, they use gouache paints that are bred on eggs, as well as tempered or specially designed for ceramic products. For drawing patterns, we use ferret or string brushes.

Nowadays, Dymka, unfortunately, has long lost the qualities that are characteristic of folk toys: spontaneity and low cost. Of course, these products have a special plastic. However, due to excessive static and detailed clarity, Dymkovo figures became simply beautiful souvenirs.