Dual education: German experience and implementation in Russia

The dual system of vocational education is a comprehensive model of education. Theoretical preparation is carried out in an educational institution. The practical part is organized directly in the workplace. Within the framework of such a program, enterprises send applications for a specific number of specialists. Educational institutions, in turn, draw up training programs with the participation of employers. Practice for students is organized at the enterprise without detachment from the process of obtaining theoretical knowledge.

Foreign experience

For the first time, a dual formation was introduced in Germany. Her experience today is considered a model for the whole of the EU. Dual education in Germany includes a sufficiently developed mentoring institute, characterized by active participation of enterprises in the training of personnel. This model of education has a strict legislative framework in the country. Dual education is realized with the participation of handicraft and commercial and industrial chambers.

Model Value

The dual system of education is an excellent opportunity for an enterprise to train personnel in accordance with the characteristics of its activities. Within the framework of training programs, it is possible to achieve maximum compliance with the needs of the organization. In addition, the company saves money for the search and selection of personnel, their re-training and adaptation. Dual education allows you to choose the best students. The future specialists themselves get a good motivation. Upon completion of training, they will be guaranteed to be employed at the enterprise. It should also be noted that the introduction of dual education positively affects the reputation of companies, their image in the labor market. For small companies that want to participate in programs but do not have the opportunity to organize their own workshops, inter-production training centers are formed with the support of the chambers of commerce and industry.

Objectives of the model

Dual education is designed to promote the development of independence and painless adaptation of young professionals in adulthood. Programs are designed in such a way that already during the training they begin to receive remuneration for their work. Dual education provides a smooth entry into the working environment, excludes various stresses associated with a lack of experience and theoretical knowledge. The goal of the programs is not only to train the skills to perform specific duties, but also to develop the ability to work in a team, social competence and responsibility.

Influence on career

Practice for students on-the-job provides constant professional growth. The level of training within the programs is continuously increasing. Even more recently, 14-year-olds became students. At the present time, quite mature young people with a solid knowledge base are appearing among them more and more often. Every sixth pupil has a certificate of full education. However, many of them do not hurry to enter the university, preferring to get a profession first. This is completely justified. After all, no higher education gives such knowledge about production as dual training. This fact gives the programs special importance when reaching career heights.

Importance for the state

The government, implementing dual education, effectively solves the problem of training qualified employees. In the German economy, the burden in the field of education rests predominantly on enterprises. According to statistics, companies annually spend more than 40 billion euros on staff development. This amount significantly exceeds the costs of maintaining higher education institutions. The state provides support for training specialists at enterprises, financing the development of the vocational training system. The main function of the government is to coordinate the legislative base.

Normative provision

In Germany, the law regulating vocational education and the "Handicraft Code" have been adopted. These normative acts regulate the interaction of youth with enterprises and educational institutions. The law defines companies that can participate in dual education. Out of 3.6 million organizations, half a million are involved. Provisions on training personnel are accepted by participants in tariff negotiations - structures of enterprises and employees. They are put into effect at the ministerial level. The Ministry of Labor, in turn, makes the Regulations on training. It regulates the examination requirements.

Interdepartmental interaction

The general ideology of partnership is defined by the Federal Institute of Professional Education. On the basis of it, the Ministry of Education and Science of the German Federal Republic interacts with other interested departments and ministries. In the federal states there is the Permanent Conference. It involves ministers of education from each administrative unit. Each territory supervises the activities of all vocational schools, develops model provisions, coordinates the provision of teaching staff and the content of training programs. The competence of the land ministries also includes legal supervision and interaction with the regional chambers on issues of vocational training. The tasks of the latter include monitoring the availability of necessary conditions for students in organizations, as well as the formation of examination commissions. As a result, the country provides a single educational space with the ability of territorial units to solve their own specific tasks in the field of vocational training of personnel.

Education in Russia

In the domestic sphere of education, things are not so good. Nevertheless, constant work is being done at the governmental level to improve the situation. In particular, agreements on cooperation with regions that won the competition of the Agency for Strategic Initiatives (ASI) have already been signed. Dual education in our country is introduced in 10 entities: Yaroslavl, Kaluga, Sverdlovsk, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd, Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow region, in the Krasnoyarsk and Perm Krai and in the Republic of Tatarstan. Not only the regions and the Agency participated in signing the agreements, but also the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Labor. In addition, the parties were the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and the Russian-German Foreign Trade Chamber. Director of the Agency D. Peskov noted that the program was supported by President Vladimir V. Putin. In his message to the FS, the head of state focused on the introduction of training models that are effective for the formation of a highly skilled production staff. The President expressed hope that education in Russia will be launched on a new course. Training programs, in turn, should become generally accepted models.

Project "Dual education": characteristics

The developed model assumes association of the enterprises, educational institutions and the regional power. Co-financing of the training of employees for specific jobs is carried out by companies that order personnel for themselves, and bodies of subjects. It is worth noting that the experience of dual education in the country has already been. However, today programs are introduced in an unplanned economy. Enterprises that are interested in obtaining highly qualified personnel tend to voluntarily solve problems and share responsibility for training specialists.

Tasks of the program

The development and implementation of the dual education project is aimed at providing a modern level of professional training and retraining of personnel for priority branches of advanced high-tech production within the framework of public-private partnership. The main objectives of the program are:

1. Development, testing and modernization of training models based on 14 centers.
2. Improvement of professional skill of employees of engineering and pedagogical specialties involved in the training of highly qualified personnel.
3. Formation of material and technical basis for vocational education organizations.
4. Use of methods for forecasting staffing needs for the medium term. As an example, enterprises of the Defense Industry of the Moscow Region act. The implementation of this task is aimed at ensuring the planning of volumes and the scheme of training specialists at all levels of training, the formation of state orders and control reception figures.
5. Bringing into line the content, structure, technologies for introducing educational programs, taking into account the requirements of employers, the current standards, the forecast of the labor market and socio-economic development.
6. Use of mechanisms of social accreditation, based on the modular-competence approach and standards with the direct participation of employers and their associations.
7. Formation of conditions for improving the system of independent analysis and evaluation of the quality of education, recognition of qualifications.
8. Development of training models in the workplace, including through the creation of resource centers at enterprises.
9. Expansion of the terms of reference of employers in the sphere of management of professional training and recognition of qualifications.
10. Improvement of the regional program of educational and methodological assistance for organizations providing vocational training, including the formation of industry centers.
11. Creation of necessary conditions for technical re-equipment of vocational education institutions.

Conclusion

A significant effect in improving the system of training qualified personnel can be obtained on the condition that representatives of the business community assume responsibility. At the same time, a joint zone of interaction between the state, employers and educational institutions should be created. As specialists note, the experience of introducing dual education abroad can be successfully applied in the Russian Federation. The current legislation allows implementing this model taking into account modern conditions. However, undoubtedly, the experience of foreign partners will require adaptation in Russia.