Classification of labor processes. Classification of production processes

In the conditions of market competition, a particular importance for each company is the reduction of costs and the extraction thereby of greater revenue. Correct organization of labor processes is the key direction in this activity.

Relevance of the issue

When creating products, materials, semi-finished products and raw materials are transformed into finished products. Three components are used: the tools of production, the object and the labor. With the help of the first person changes the shape of the object, its physical and chemical characteristics, type, location. Production tools are used in the control of the manufacturing process of the product, while implementing other measures. In aggregate, all operations form the activities of the enterprise. Thus, the content of the labor process includes the personnel operations necessary for the expedient change of the subject. At the same time, the effectiveness of operations depends on various factors. Among them is the nature of the production process, the specific nature of the task, and the extent to which a person participates in his performance.

Features of product manufacturing

In the course of working activities, materials, raw materials and semi-finished products turn into products ready for use / use. This is done with the participation or under the control of a person. In practice, the following classification of production processes is adopted:

1. Basic. Their purpose is to manufacture goods for the market.
2. Auxiliary. To them, for example, carry transport, repair operations. They ensure the normal operation of the enterprise.

Classification of production processes is of significant practical importance. Any of them can be viewed from two sides. First of all, production processes are complexes of changes that occur with objects. Together with this they are a set of actions of employees aimed at obtaining a finished product. In the first case it is a question of technology, and in the second case it is about the labor process.

Categories of operations

Technological processes are classified by:

• The degree of continuity;
• Source of energy;
• Method of impact on the subject.

Depending on the energy source, active and passive operations are distinguished. The latter are considered natural and do not require additional energy, transformed by a person to influence the object. An example of a passive operation is the cooling of the metal under normal conditions. Active processes are under the direct influence of either a person on an object, or a means of labor, driven by energy transformed by an employee. Technological operations can be continuous or discrete. In the first case, the technological process does not stop at the time of loading of materials, delivery of products, during control activities. Accordingly, the second category is distinguished by the presence of breaks. Depending on the method of impact on the object and the type of equipment used, the technological process can be either hardware or mechanical. The latter is carried out by the employee manually or by means of machines, machine tools, etc. In this process, the object is subjected to mechanical action. As a result, the shape, position, size of the object changes. Hardware processes involve exposure to thermal energy, chemical reactions, biological elements or radiation. Such operations occur in chambers, stoves, vessels, baths, etc. As a result, a product is obtained which can differ from the original material by its chemical properties, aggregate state, and structure. Hardware operations are most often used in the food, metallurgical, microbiological, chemical industries.

Research of labor processes

All technological operations at enterprises are carried out with the participation of a person. In the industrial environment, the labor process is the activity of personnel aimed at converting certain resources into specific products. As its key features are:

• Energy and time costs;
• The usefulness of the results;
• Income;
• Degree of satisfaction with the performance of functions.

The essence of activities is determined by the totality of operations and personnel movements that are required for the execution of all stages. The organization of labor processes should ensure:

• Receiving tasks;
• Information and material training;
• Direct participation in the transformation of raw materials into a finished product, according to technology;
• Delivery of the result.

Specificity

The labor process and its rationalization are provided by the methods used to perform certain operations that help reduce physical exertion, create convenience in carrying out activities, and eliminate unnecessary and repeated actions. The applied methods facilitate the control and accounting measures. Classification, content and composition of labor processes are closely related to the technology used in the enterprise. In this regard, the effectiveness of the activity will depend not only on its immediate performer. Of no small importance is the design of the equipment used, the technological equipment, the organization of work processes and workplaces. These elements play an increasing role in modern conditions.

Features of work activities

The labor process, the principles of its organization are considered one of the fundamental elements of any enterprise. In the conditions of automation and mechanization, the requirements to the quality of the personnel performing maintenance of equipment are significantly increased. This is due to the fact that this will determine the efficiency of the enterprise.

Classification of labor processes: scheme, table

The structure of the activity depends on the assignment, the technology used and the logistics. To study its diversity, the classification of labor processes is carried out. Different types of activity are grouped together on specific grounds. Depending on the objectives of the study, select those or other criteria that characterize the labor process and its organization. Classification of the activities of staff can be conducted by:

• Features of the raw materials used in chemical, metal and woodworking operations, and others;
• The functions performed (the classification of labor processes in this case provides for division into basic, servicing, management operations);
• Type of production: it can be mass, serial, individual (individual);
• Nature and content of operations: they can be processing, thermal, extractive, physical and chemical, and so on;
• Form of organization of labor activity: it can be individual, subject-closed, collective;
• Periodicity and duration.

Basic information is presented in the table below.

Characteristics

Depending on the purpose of the product, the activities of the staff are divided into auxiliary and basic. This classification of labor processes has an impact on the choice of standards for employees, how to establish them. It also influences the choice of methods for creating the necessary conditions for people to exercise their professional activities. Classification of labor processes is also carried out depending on the degree of participation of personnel in them. Manual operations are performed manually or using non-mechanized tools. For example, it can be painting the workpiece with a brush. Manual mechanized operations are performed using more sophisticated tools. For example, it can be drilling holes with an electric drill. Machine-manual operations are performed by mechanisms involving the employee. In this case, the specialist makes certain efforts to control the elements of the equipment. Machine operations include processes that are performed on machines and other aggregates. In these cases, the employee's participation is reduced solely to the management of equipment. Automated are the processes that are performed by machines, the movement of the working bodies of which, as well as the control is carried out according to the specified program using computers. The tasks of the employee are reduced to the control of the course of operations.

The nature of the product and the object

There is a classification of labor processes, in which operations are divided into information and material-energy. In the latter case, the product and subject of professional activity is a substance (parts, materials, raw materials) or energy (hydraulic, thermal, electric). Accordingly, such labor processes are typical for workers. The product and the subject in the first case are information. It can be engineering, technological, economic. Information operations are carried out by employees (specialists).

Specificity of creation of conditions for activity

As one of the key components of the organization of work in the company is improving planning and improving the servicing of available jobs. This is necessary to create conditions for high-quality and high-performance operations at the lowest possible physical costs. Workplaces are the primary link in the structure of the enterprise. Each of them is a zone of application of physical and mental efforts of a person. The workplace should be equipped with the necessary tools used to accomplish the tasks assigned by one or more subjects. It predetermines the conditions for carrying out activities (heavy, normal, harmful), regimes of rest and employment, the nature of operations (monotonous, diverse, and so on).

Key directions of administration

The workplace acts as one of the most important categories studied within the framework of management theory. This is due to the fact that the zone in which a person fulfills their professional tasks has a direct impact on the effectiveness of the activity. From it, in turn, depends on the effectiveness of management personnel and the enterprise as a whole. In the process of organizing work places, the following tasks are solved:

• Optimal use of the area of the enterprise;
• Rational location within a limited area of all elements of the workplace;
• Creating comfortable and comfortable conditions for employees;
• Prevention of negative impact on people internal and external factors;
• Uninterrupted high-quality maintenance of each workplace, provision of rhythmic, continuous and synchronous operation of sites.

Purpose of administration

At the workplace, the components of the labor process are connected: the means, the subject and the immediate efforts of the employees. The main task in the administration is the functional placement of elements to reduce temporary and physical losses. Particular attention is paid to ensuring security when equipping the workplace. Competent management is characterized by an adequate justification for the standardization of professional activities. This is achieved if the standards are developed:

• Experienced professionals;
• By the recommended method;
• With the application of labor standards.

Analysis of time costs

It is necessary to establish adequate standards. The analysis is carried out in accordance with the classification of time spent by employees. The following criteria can serve as criteria:

• Immediate physical efforts of the staff;
• Subject of activity;
• equipment.

Working time is a measure of labor costs.

The importance of maintaining and securing sites

At the workplaces, timely delivery of raw materials, tools and materials, repair and adjustment of equipment must be established. Enterprises create and implement a system of integrated provision of sites. It provides for:

• Preparation and delivery of planned tasks to personnel and distribution of operations;
• Tooling;
• Adjustment of equipment;
• Energy supply, overhaul maintenance of devices and installations;
• Current repair and prevention of equipment;
• Control of the quality of tools and objects of labor;
• Reception of finished goods in warehouses.

Certification

It allows you to find workplaces that do not meet modern requirements, which use low-skilled heavy, manual labor or the performance of tasks carried out in conditions dangerous to the employee. All the shortcomings revealed during the certification should be eliminated in the shortest possible time. The alignment of jobs in accordance with modern requirements is the responsibility of managers. Implementation allows to improve and optimize the activities of enterprises.

Conclusion

Labor processes and their classification are the basis of the activity of any enterprise. In modern conditions, with the ever-increasing role of automation, the requirements for quality and speed of operations are growing. Within the framework of management activities, models for optimizing the working space are developed and implemented, and morally and physically worn out equipment is eliminated.