Cash and credit operations of banks. Types of banking operations

The Bank as a commercial institution can provide clients with a large number of financial services, but at the same time, there will be two basic types of operations - cash and credit. What is the specificity of those and others? What can be traced the meaning of both types of operations from the point of view of development of a credit institution?

Specificity of cash operations in banks

What are the cash operations of banks? To such it is customary to include the receipt of cash and other valuables from customers of credit and financial organizations, as well as the issuance of relevant assets to them or other circulating citizens. The bank's cash office is often regarded as one of the most liquid assets of the institution, but it is classified as low-income. The main purpose of the transactions in question is the organization of the customer service system of the credit institution. The turnover of funds in this case is regulated by regulations issued primarily by the Central Bank, which has the status of a national issuing center.

Cash operations of Russian banks are among the most important areas of economic activity of the relevant institutions. Taking money from customers - individuals, legal entities, the organization increases available reserves, which can then be used for high-profit activities, primarily related to the issuance of loans - private, corporate. The bank can receive additional revenue in cash turnover, for example, charging a commission for the issuance of funds in certain cases (as a rule, this refers to the cashing of proceeds from the settlement and cash accounts of enterprises).

Cash operations of banks are carried out according to the following principles:

- the turnover of funds is carried out in accordance with the standards adopted by the CBR;

- Cash placement is performed on internal accounts with a credit institution;

- the establishment of residue limits is implemented in accordance with the adopted regulations.

There is a special type of cash transactions - those that are implemented by the regulator, the Central Bank. It will be useful to study their specifics in more detail.

Cash operations of the Bank of Russia

Thus, not only commercial banks carry out cash transactions, but also a credit regulator - the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. They are carried out within the framework of servicing private institutions on the basis of a contract. These operations allow:

- to optimize the turnover of cash by a commercial credit institution;

- Provide for operational settlements on client accounts owned by natural persons or legal entities;

- carry out timely transfer of funds to banks on limit requirements.

The decision of each of the tasks of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation implies the adherence of the regulator to the official norms of law or local regulations. Having considered what are cash operations of a bank that performs supervisory and supervisory functions in the credit and financial market, we will study the specifics of such procedures carried out by commercial institutions.

Cash operations in commercial credit organizations

Private banks carry out cash operations, which are aimed at servicing clients - natural persons or legal entities. In this case, the norms issued by the regulator are applied, the CBR. The main operations of banks, which are carried out in the commercial segment of the credit and financial sphere, are as follows:

- to receive cash;

- to issue money.

The first group of operations assumes that the client or partner of the institution transfers cash:

- to the cashier;

- collectors, who subsequently transfer funds to the bank;

- partner organizations, which then transfer cash to the credit institution by a non-cash method.

The delivery of funds in most cases is made directly at the cash desk of a credit and financial institution. If the cash is required by a legal entity, its receipt can be carried out on the basis of supporting documents that confirm the targeted expenditure of funds.

Cashier functions

In banks that carry out cash operations, professionals who have competence in this type of activity - cashiers. They are responsible for the correct calculation of the amounts to be received from customers, or, conversely, the issuance, credit them to the account and certify the necessary documents. The cashier also provides reliable storage of funds - using, for example, a safe. The work of a specialist of the appropriate profile is also quite strictly regulated by law.

Restrictions on cash operations

The legislation of Russia provides for a number of restrictions on the use of cash payments. So, cash cash operations of banks on the accounts belonging to legal entities, can be carried out only under the condition of legislatively established limits on the amount. In turn, these transactions within the accounts of individuals, as well as in settlements between citizens and organizations can generally be carried out freely, without taking into account the amounts of cash.

The use of CCP for cash transactions

The most important aspect of the operations under consideration is the use of CCPs, that is, cash registers. This type of infrastructure in most cases is mandatory in the process of accepting and issuing funds in banks. CCP, involved in a financial institution, should be, first, registered, and secondly, ensure the correct calculation of transactions. It can be noted that CCP is also used in cases where a customer pays something with a plastic card - without cashing cash.

The considered operations of banks are carried out taking into account the norms forming cash discipline. Let's study their features in more detail.

Cash discipline in the calculations: what is its specificity?

The norms forming a cash discipline can be:

- published by the regulator;

- developed by the bank taking into account the interests of investors, managers - provided that they do not conflict with provisions that are reflected in official sources.

These norms establish:

- the general procedure for the bank to carry out cash transactions;

- rules for storage, transportation of cash.

Appropriate standards are considered to be quite stringent. In credit and financial organizations, accounting operations (banks related to both private and public) are conducted if there is a necessary infrastructure for conducting cash discipline. Its presence is one of the criteria for issuing a license to a credit and financial institution by the regulator. Without a corresponding authorization document, the bank does not have the right to work.

There are a large number of other criteria that predetermine the legitimacy of possession of a credit institution by a license. Among them - strict compliance with the cash discipline, as well as provisions of the rules of law governing cash transactions. Of great importance in this case, of course, are the economic indicators of the institution, but the quality of capital management of the bank is largely determined by the degree of compliance with the cash discipline. Here the qualification of specialists working in the organization, the possibilities of its infrastructure, the effectiveness of the management system is important.

The cash register is the main element of the infrastructure necessary for the bank to carry out the transactions in question. It is usually presented in several varieties, which is determined by the scale of the credit and financial organization, the features of the services it provides. We will study the specifics of the work of bank accounts in more detail.

Features of the organization of work

The main settlement operations of banks related to the turnover of cash are carried out in the following main types of cash registers:

- Income (they receive cash from customers or partners);

- Expenses (in them cash is given out);

- exchangeable;

- carrying out the recalculation of cash funds.

The implementation of these or other cash transactions is possible only on the basis of internal vouchers. They are issued by a bank employee, most often by a cashier. These documents can additionally be stamped, with other elements that certify the authenticity of the source used. Often, the settlement operations of banks are implemented on the principle of a single window.

Probably, most modern banks have their own ATMs, through which funds are provided to their customers automatically. This procedure assumes that customers of the credit and financial institution have plastic cards issued by the bank.

It is possible to give out an ATM to one institution of money to citizens who have cards on their hands that are issued by another bank. In this case, the relevant institution can additionally earn by charging a commission for servicing customers of other organizations. But this procedure is possible only if the plastic card allows you to use one of those payment systems that is supported by a bank that provides an ATM with the acquiring function.

Along with ATMs, credit and financial institutions also actively use payment terminals - in order, in turn, to receive cash from customers and crediting to their accounts. The next most important group of economic operations of the bank is credit transactions. Let's consider their specifics in more detail.

The specifics of lending operations

Credit operations of banks, as it is easy to trace, based on their name, are related to loans provided by the relevant institutions. They are legal relations, fixed in special contracts with customers. As in the case of cash transactions, services may be provided to natural persons or legal entities. This contract determines how much the bank issues to the borrower and on what terms - in terms of interest and maturity.

There are quite a few types of credit transactions. They can be classified based on their attribution to a particular segment. So, credit operations of banks can be connected with the markets:

- consumer credit;

- Mortgages;

- corporate loans.

Each of these segments is characterized by a special approach of the bank to the formation of loan agreements. So, in the sphere of consumer crediting, loans are given out to clients for a relatively short period of time, at rather high interest rates, but, as a rule, without collateral. In mortgages, loans are usually long-term, issued at a lower interest rate and in most cases - with a mortgage in the form of purchased housing. Corporate loans - especially when it comes to lending to the largest enterprises, can be characterized by the desire of banks and borrowers to determine the individual contract terms, depending on the scale of the business, its profitability, credit history.

Another criterion for classification of credit operations is the loan format. They are:

- Primary;

- represented by refinancing agreements.

The primary loan is a legal relationship within which a person or an organization enters into a contract with the bank for the first time or for the purpose of using the funds received to solve problems not related to repayment of current loans. In turn, refinancing is a credit operation, which is a legal relationship in the form of a loan agreement for the issuance of money to a person to repay existing loans.

Commercial banks and banking operations, as in the case of cash procedures, are regulated by the CBR. Among the main instruments for influencing the market of the main financial institution of the state is a key stake. In many ways, it determines how commercial organizations implement a policy in the field of credit operations. Let's study its features in more detail.

The key rate as the main instrument of regulation of the Central Bank of Russia

Very many operations of the Bank of Russia can influence the credit market on a national scale, but economists consider setting the key rate as the most important instrument of the CBR's impact on the state's financial system. Its value determines what should be the credit interest paid by private financial organizations to the Bank of Russia for the use of borrowed funds. This indicator, in turn, directly affects what will be the percentage that the commercial institution will establish for credit agreements with its customers.

The lower the CBR's key rate, the more private credit markets are generally active. A significant decrease in it, in addition, usually activates refinancing, as holders of current loans are able to re-borrow, but at lower rates.

A high key rate is usually set by the Central Bank in the event of a problematic situation in the economy of the state. In turn, improving the indicators at the macroeconomic level may predetermine a decline in the corresponding indicator. The consequence of this may be an increase in the demand for loans from individuals or legal entities. In some states, the key rate is minimal or even negative. This is due to the desire of the monetary authorities to increase the capitalization of the economy as much as possible.

If the credit market slows down at any one time, then the bank's management can activate the work related to the development of cash services for clients. The solution of this task can be facilitated by the fact that the common types of banking operations we have examined are in many cases interconnected. Let's study this aspect in more detail.

Interrelation of cash and credit operations of banks

Turnover of cash and issuance of loans are the main operations of banks in terms of profit. The regularity of their implementation predetermines the fact that they are often held simultaneously. A simple example: the bank, having approved the client's loan application, signs a contract with him and asks to go to the cashier in order to get cash. If a person draws up a credit card - perhaps having it on hand, he will wish to cash out the cash in the ATM. Subsequently, the person will need to deposit cash into his credit account to repay the loan or for the same purposes to the card.

The fact that for servicing clients with loans, the bank uses the same infrastructure that is used for standard cash operations, can play a positive role in the diversification of the business model of a financial institution. If the bank has difficulties with the promotion of loan products, then it will have the opportunity to develop areas of activity directly related to cash services.

Summary

So, we examined what are the basic monetary operations of banks, cash and credit. The first ones are sufficiently highly liquid, but not very profitable. Cash operations of the bank bring revenue, mainly due to the commission of the credit organization commission. Indirectly, they predetermine the emergence of profits due to the formation of reserves in the bank, which can be used in other areas of activity. Second operations - on the contrary, can significantly increase the capitalization of a financial institution. The bank, issuing a loan, usually expects to receive a fairly high profit, but it is likely that the client, due to financial difficulties, will not be able to repay the loan.

The management of the credit and financial organization determines which operations of banks have priority in terms of implementing the business model at a certain point in time. In many ways, this depends on the size of the CBR's key rate. The higher it is, the more usually the credit market is less intensive, and it makes sense for the bank to develop more actively the directions related to the cash services of clients.