Biography of Poincare Henri. Hypothesis of Henri Poincare

Jules-Henri Poincaré is a brilliant scientist whose wide profile of activities marked a huge contribution in many areas of physics, mathematics and mechanics. This person became the founder of qualitative methods of topology and the theory of differential equations, he created the basis of the theory of stability of motion. "Science and Hypothesis" Henri Poincare - work that has become a classic, studied by all students of technical universities.

Science

Poincaré's articles long before Einstein's works contained formulations of the basic propositions of the theory of relativity. For example, the principle of relativity, the relativity of the concept of simultaneity, the synchronization of clocks by means of light signals, the Lorentz transformation, the invariance of the speed of light, the constancy of Maxwell's equations, and many others.

Poincaré Henri developed the method of a small parameter and applied it to the problems of celestial mechanics, and he also independently investigated the classical problem of three bodies. Even in philosophy he managed to create a completely new direction, called conventionalism.

Childhood

A great scientist was born in the Lorraine town of Nancy in France on April 29, 1854. His father - Leon Poincare - at that time was still very young, but already known in the city and around the practicing physician, besides, he did a lot of laboratory research and lectured at the medical faculty of the university. His mother - Eugene - brought up children. The daughter did not cause as much concern as the little Jules-Henri Poincare: his absent-mindedness over time became legendary.

My mother was unaware that this deficiency speaks of the inherent quality of giving deep inner thought and completely diverted from reality. In addition, after the diphtheria, Henri Poincare acquired a new quality - to associate vowel sounds with certain colors. Occasionally children (especially dumb by nature) have this quality. Henri Poincaré retained this ability for life.

Home schooling

I was engaged with the kid the real erudite and the person of wide formation, the born teacher - Альфонс Гинцелин. In addition to the rules of grammar, history, geography and biology, the boy quickly mastered all four arithmetic operations and was easy to read in his mind. The instructor did not leave any tasks to him, they did not write anything down, so the already excellent auditory memory of the child became aggravated and strengthened. By the way, he did not fall in love with the graphic fastening of his discoveries, he felt a persistent disregard for the letter. It went into a minus technique.

Lyceum

Teachers at the Nancy Lyceum were happy that they were studying such an inquisitive and diligent student as Poincare Henri. He received such good homework, that he began to study immediately in the second grade. He wrote beautifully works, arithmetic was also given to him easily, but he did not yet feel special love for her.

Only a few years later, an agitated teacher came to Henri Poincare's mother and introduced her son to a great mathematical future. But, despite this, the boy continued his studies at the Department of Literature, studying Latin and classical classics. The humanitarian education of the great scientist by the age of sixteen was more than complete. At the same time, events of great significance took place in the life not only of France, but of all Europe: the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune.

University of

Having twice become a bachelor (literature and sciences), Poincare Henri began to study elementary mathematics - now truly truly selfless. And geometry, and algebra, and mathematical analysis-all this super-serious scientific literature was like a treat for him, he literally savored every line of the works of Rush, Bertrand, Shal, Duhamel. Elementary mathematics, he thus learned during the year.

Polytechnic School

In order to work in the state apparatus or in the army in a good technical position, Poincare Henri became a student at the Polytechnic School, where he undoubtedly led the first students in almost all subjects. He did not succeed in drawing, drawing and military science.

In his drawings, for example, there were neither parallel, nor converging where they should have been, nor even just straight lines. But in physics, chemistry and mathematics, he proved to be so strong that he could not find equals. After graduation from the Polytechnic School, the future great scientist continued his studies in Gornaya, where he already undertook serious scientific research.

Mountain school

Ideas that were sought and found a way out of his reflections during training at the Mining School, in a few years will be the foundation of the doctoral dissertation. Everything that did not concern mathematics had already ceased to be of interest to him, except for mineralogy alone. And not even the mineralogy itself, but its section dealing with crystallography. Because everything that Henri Poincaré knew about science at the time, the loach hung around the theory of groups, where the kinematics of the solid body plus crystallography was one of the main points of application of this section of mathematics, at that time almost abstract. So the thesis was written. She received many praises from professors and scientists. Defense of the thesis gave the right to teach in universities, than the great scientist and took advantage of, while working for distribution in the mines of Vesoul. In 1979, Henri Poincare arrived in Cannes University to teach mathematical analysis.

The decisive year 1881

In 1881 the most authoritative scientific journal of France published Poincare's article on Fuchsian functions, which became a breakthrough in mathematical science. Over the next two years, more than twenty-five articles appeared. European mathematicians began to closely monitor every step of the new mathematical luminary.

Fuchsian functions are devoted to five more articles, each of which was a real scientific discovery. Despite an extremely deep immersion in mathematics, in 1881 Jules-Henri Poincare managed to fall in love, get married and move with his family from Normandy to Paris to start teaching at the university.

Paris

At the capital's university, the young scientist conducted four large studies on differential equations, integral curves with their singular points and limit cycles, which constituted a new branch of mathematics as a science. Twenty-seven-year-old Poincare Henri, whose selected works have already entered the textbooks, did not rest on his laurels, since no one has ever studied qualitative methods of the theory of differential equations. This cardinally new layer of mathematical science required further study: the methods of a small parameter with the theory of integral invariants and the theory of stable differential equations with respect to small parameters and initial conditions.

Already in 1886, Henri Poincare became head of the Department of Mathematical Physics and Probability at the University of Paris, and in 1887 he was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences. The discoveries followed the discoveries: the theory of automorphic functions, combinatorial topology, differential geometry, algebraic topology, probability theory, functional analysis and many other fields of knowledge ceased to be a mystery behind the seven seals for Poincare Henri.

Physicist

The three-dimensional oscillations of mathematical physics with the wave propagation theory (diffraction) formula, the heat conduction problem, the theory of potentials, the Dirichlet principle support are far from everything that has been investigated, solved and proved by a brilliant scientist in a very short period of time. As a child, he looked fascinated in the depths of the starry night, and now the adult Poincare knew for sure that the heavenly bodies give not only the light that people can see with carnal vision, but another, refined, clarifying mind. The "science and hypothesis" of Henri Poincaré is a work shedding light on much concerning the human perception of scientific phenomena.

In 1889, he received an international award for his work on "celestial mechanics", the physics of three bodies, where the motto was a string from an ancient poem in Latin: Nunquam praescriptos transibunt sidera fines - "Never prescribed boundaries will not pass the luminary." Further study of this area resulted in the three-volume treatise "New methods of celestial mechanics", which became the classics of scientific research not only in astronomy and mechanics, but also in quantum mechanics and in static physics. As a result, Professor Poincare Henri was invited to the Sorbonne to lead the Department of Celestial Mechanics there, and accepted this proposal. Ten years of studying probability theory and mathematical physics in Paris flew like one day.

Zenith

The work of Henri Poincare "Science and Hypothesis" was published in 1902 and caused a tangible resonance in the scientific community, because the scientist wrote, first of all, about perception, that there is no absolute in anything - neither in space, nor in time, people Feel only relative movements, even time is felt by them in different ways. Only facts of a mechanical order are indicated, and those without non-Euclidean geometry can not be regarded as scientific.

Throughout his life, Poincare received all sorts of titles, awards and prizes, his name was named the Paris Mathematical Institute and a large crater on the back (dark) side of the moon.