Accounting (financial) reporting of small business entities. Annual accounting report of IP

The subjects of small business should include enterprises, where the number of employees is not more than a hundred people. The normative and legislative bases for the improvement of this segment act as fundamental principles in the solution of economic, social, political and other issues related to the development of this branch of business in Russia. Special attention in this area deserves the accounting (financial) reporting of small businesses. Let's consider this issue in more detail.

Tasks of enterprises

In the process of analyzing and summarizing the documents adopted by the Ministry of Finance and the publications of methodologists that regulate and describe the formation of financial statements, it is possible to single out the main goals of organizations. They consist in:

1. Improvement of the regulatory and legislative bases.
2. Unification of accounting registers.
3. Simplify taxation. This will exclude the routine work of specialists on permanent allocations.
4. Optimization of work plans of accounts.
5. Perfection of document circulation and minimization of the volume of accounting papers.
6. Simplify the balance by enlarging the articles and eliminating forms that do not have significant informative value for state bodies.
7. Reduction of reporting forms.

Normative base

The accounting (financial) reporting of small business entities is regulated by the norms approved by the RF Ministry of Finance in 1998. The need to adopt new standards was caused by the transition of the domestic accounting system to the level of compliance with international rules. The new documentation was introduced in the country since January 1999. All acts are divided into several levels. They include:

• 1 level - legislative. Documents of this category are Federal laws, government decrees, Presidential Decrees, Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The main normative act, which regulates the accounting (financial) reporting of small business entities, is Federal Law No. 129 of 21.11.1996.
• Level 2 is the provisions of the Ministry of Finance. They act as normative standards (PBU).
• Level 3 contains methodological recommendations, letters, orders of the Ministry of Finance and other executive bodies responsible for accounting (financial) reporting of small business entities.

A special place is occupied by the working documentation of the enterprise. It determines the accounting policy of the organization in the technical, organizational and methodical directions.

Manager Opportunities

An important point is not only the direct formulation of tasks to account for the activities of small businesses. Of particular importance are the methods for their solution. Unified rules and methodological bases that need to be guided by enterprises when organizing and maintaining records are defined in Federal Law No. 129. In accordance with it, the preparation and submission of financial statements, depending on the volume, can be carried out directly by the head of the organization. Along with this, the director of the enterprise, as before, has the opportunity:

1. Form a special structural unit authorized to maintain records.
2. Introduce the position of Ch. Accountant.
3. Transfer the accounting of a specialized company or a specialist on a contractual basis.

Forms of financial statements

According to the Model Recommendations, the organization can use various forms of documenting the business transactions carried out. It can be:

1. Departmental forms of accounting.
2. Forms present in albums of unified primary documentation.
3. Self-designed forms. They must necessarily contain the requisites provided for in Federal Law No. 129.

Accounting statements of the USN

A simplified system is recommended by the Standard Instructions for organizations in which production, performance of work or provision of services is carried out by simple technological processes. The total number of business operations per month does not exceed a hundred. According to the standard recommendations, it will be most expedient if the financial statements (a sample of which can be found in the article) are compiled according to the organization's own working plan, based on a standard project for the accounting of business activities of an individual entrepreneur. This documentation is approved in the process of adopting the accounting policy of the organization.

Procedure for reflecting transactions

Typical recommendations prescribe it for enterprises that use a simplified accounting system. The order, according to which the main economic processes are reflected, is based on the working Chart of Accounts. Accounting for intangible assets and fixed assets is carried out separately in the subaccounts of accounts. 01. Depreciation charges under the OS and NMA are reflected in the acc. 02. Depreciation for fixed assets is established in accordance with the annual calculation based on the used in the organization:

1. Charging methods.
2. The depreciation rates, which are approved in a special order.
3. The recovering (initial) cost of the OS.

Accrual Methods

In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Finance No. 65 of September 3, 1997, since 1998, the calculation of depreciation by organizations is performed in one of four ways:

1. The method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of goods (services, works).
2. Linear way.
3. A method of reducing the remainder.
4. By writing off the value of the total sum of the numbers of all years of the useful life.

The selected option is indicated by the enterprise in the accounting policy for the coming year.

An Important Moment

It should be remembered that, according to the requirements of clause 2 of the Regulation regulating the composition of costs for production and subsequent sale of products (services, works) that are included in the cost price, and the procedure for the formation of accounting results, which reflects the report in the tax, And depreciation charges intended for the full restoration of fixed assets production. Today, the Uniform Rules, approved by the Ministry of Finance, are in force. Thus, when reporting to the tax, it is necessary to adjust the amount of taxable profit by the amount of excessively accrued depreciation, in accordance with the calculation method used by the organization.

Write-offs

Along with the linear method of accrual, the organization, in which the submission of accounting reports is carried out under a simplified system, as before also additionally has the ability to write off in the form of depreciation charges up to 50% of the original value of the OS object with a service life of more than three years. Upon retirement, the write-off is effected through account 02, as recommended earlier by the Directives. However, in this case, there is a clarification in the Model Recommendations. It says that when the OS is sold, the sales revenue is recorded on a credit. 99 "Losses and profits." Recommendations on the reflection of their financial results in the accounts of their sources, which is revealed in a donation, no.

Capital investments

Their accounting in accordance with the Model Recommendations should be maintained using account 08. Under the debit of the invoice. 08 and credit ac. 01 (90, 52, 51 and others) reflect the costs of construction or acquisition of separate objects of the OS on accounts of contractors and suppliers. With a credit. 08 in the debit of inv. 01 the recorded expenses are transferred.

Productive reserves

They are accounted for in account 10. It is preferable that the accounting statements for the year on materials be prepared using the weighted average method. Accounting for inventories is recommended to be guided by the relevant Regulations (PBU 5/98), approved by the Ministry of Finance. The fixing of costs, which are associated with the release and sale of works, services, goods, is carried out using inv. "The main production" (20). It specifies all expenses by types (depreciation, materials, wages, etc.), accounting objects (they may be costs for the enterprise as a whole), type of products (services, works), production sites, responsible persons and so on. The organization can write off expenses for general economic needs every month on the costs of goods (services or works) sold in the presence of conditionally fixed costs.

Accounting for finished products

It is conducted at sc. 41 "Goods". At the same time, products purchased for subsequent sale are accounted for at cost. Further its cancellation upon retirement is carried out using the weighted average cost method. Accounting for the implementation of works, services, goods and other property, as well as the establishment of financial results for the said transactions is carried out using inv. 90 "Sales". All attachments are reflected in invoices. 58. At the same time, analytical division takes into account short-term (up to one year) and long-term (over one year) results. The financial results and their use, in accordance with clause 18 of the Model Guidelines, may be accounted for in Sec. 99 "Losses and profits." Throughout the year, the organization makes notes: on a loan with an increasing result, revenue is shown, and the debit is used.

Additional instructions

At the end of the year at the date of reporting on the amount of used income, the profit is reduced. The received figure is sent to the sc. 84 "Uncovered loss (retained earnings.") Previously, enterprises at the Special Purpose Fund accounted for amounts from property appraisal, the value of valuables received free of charge, and other changes in property. At present, according to the current Model Recommendations, it is reflected in sub-accounts 83 "Additional capital".

Methodology and organization of accounting

Maintenance and submission of financial statements are carried out using established register systems. They are provided for in the Model Recommendations and are:

1. Journal-order form of bookkeeping for business associations and small enterprises.
2. Simplified system.

The first form makes it much easier to keep records. The final and monthly information of the order logs is transferred to the General Ledger. Accounts in it are open in a sequence of numbers that are assigned to them in the work plan. The main book is necessary for generalization of the information of the current account, drawing up of balance of the reporting, mutual check of the executed records. This document, along with the magazine-warrant, gives detailed, complete correspondence on the loan and debit in each synthetic account. With this form of accounting, the number of analytical reporting registers is minimized. This is due to the fact that some magazine-warrant sheets contain all the necessary data.