A variety of mushrooms - how to distinguish mushrooms edible and poisonous?

There are a lot of species of mushrooms, but we'll talk about mushrooms (Agaricus). Today it is not necessary to collect them in the forest, because in every supermarket you can buy beautiful white mushrooms - a kind of mushroom. The French have learned to grow them back in the XVII century. Currently, among edible mushrooms in terms of production, this species ranks first in the world.

Champignons in nature

Despite their accessibility, many seek to get out into the countryside for mushrooms, because "mushroom hunting" is a very useful, fascinating and exciting activity. It allows you to completely escape from everyday problems, to spend some time alone with nature. As it is interesting to find a beautiful appetizing fungus among the grass or foliage, and if you are lucky, then a whole family! Champignons are widespread everywhere, growing in forests, parks, meadows and even on asphalt.

They belong to the hamlet plate-like fungi. In nature, there are at least 60 of their species, united by common signs, but each variety of mushroom mushrooms has its own characteristics. Plate called mushrooms, which have on the underside of the cap there are plates. Young champignons have white plates, then pinkish, the old ones turn black-brown and black-brown.

This species is also distinguished by the presence of a ring on the stem. The hat and the leg are a fruit body, and the mycelium is in the ground. In the lower layer of the cap of champignons there are spores, with the help of which they multiply, forming a new mycelium. You can also multiply by pieces of mycelium if you create favorable conditions for this.

Small mushrooms can have not only the spherical shape of the cap familiar to us, but also bell-shaped and almost cylindrical. As the edges grow, they gradually move away, and one or two rings form on the foot. The hat continues to open, the plates in the lower part become more noticeable. In its expanded form, it has a semi-or fully spread form.

Edible mushrooms

Let us consider several species that are most often encountered on the way in mushroom pickers: forest, meadow, field, bipedal.

Forest (Agaricus silvaticus), sometimes it is called "blagushka." This species of mushroom can be found in coniferous forests from the middle of summer to October, especially on the ant heaps. Despite the pleasant taste, it is rarely collected. Many are frightened off by the fact that at the break the flesh becomes brownish-red.

In young mushrooms, the leg is high, with a white ring, which in older specimens may fall off. The hat is ovoid, then it becomes convex, resembling the shape of a bell, later - flat-prostrate. On it there are fibrous flakes of brown color.

Meadow (common, pechera), Latin name - Agaricus campestris. This variety of mushrooms is known even to urban residents, as it is found not far from houses - in gardens, parks. He prefers a well-fertilized land, can grow on pastures, in the areas of cattle walking. The mushroom is delicious and very productive, growing in large groups.

The hat is white, at first it has a globular shape, then convex, then flat. Plates pink, in mature mushrooms gray-brown. The flesh is white and elastic, it turns pink on the cut. As the "skirt" grows, connecting the edges of the cap to the leg, it separates and remains in the form of a foil ring in the upper part of the leg.

Field (Agaricus arvensis). This species is the closest relative of meadow, but many believe that its taste is much better. It has a special, very pleasant smell and is one of the largest among mushrooms. Some specimens weigh up to 300 g, and the diameter of the cap reaches 20 cm.

Young mushrooms have an egg-shaped hat, which gradually acquires a flat-convex shape, with a silky skin, when touched, the color changes to yellowish. On the foot there is a two-layered ring, on the lower of the layers there are characteristic yellow protrusions. Plates, as the fungus ages, change color from pink to dark brown.

The two-sided (Agaricus bisporus) is a well-known species of champignon, widely cultivated in artificial conditions.

False champignons

Mushroom pickers quite often by inexperience collect conventionally poisonous (false) variety of champignon and throw in a basket to other mushrooms. Although eating them for food is not fatal, it can cause a lot of trouble. Even after heat treatment, poisonous substances that cause poisoning, accompanied by intestinal disorders, vomiting, and colic, remain in them.

Most often with edible mushrooms confuse two varieties of champignons, photos of which you see. The yellow-skinned mushroom (Agaricus xanthodermus) occurs both in open areas and among grass. This inedible kind of hat is white, often with gray-brown spots.

The flesh, according to the name, immediately turns yellow when cut. The lower part of the leg is also yellow, sometimes even orange. This view is often confused with the field because of the campanulate cap. In addition to the color of the pulp, it is possible to distinguish by a very unpleasant odor, which is intensified when frying.

A plump, motley, scaly mushroom (Agaricus Placomyces) is another inedible fungus that occurs in mixed and coniferous forests. His bonnet is a grayish-brown hue, with a dark spot in the center, covered with scales. The unpleasant smell of carbalka gives inedibility of this species.

Sometimes the flat-moused mushroom is confused with the forest mushroom, but as we already know, in the forest species the smell is pleasant and the flesh on the cut slowly turns red, and at the motley yellow and gradually turns brown.

Very often inexperienced mushroom pickers can not distinguish young mushrooms from similar to them, but deadly poisonous white fly agaric and pale toadstool. They are similar to hats, and plates, and rings on the legs.

It must be remembered that the difference is clearly visible only in adult specimens: in fly agaric and pale toadstool, in contrast to edible mushrooms, the color of the plates remains light. Find an adult mushroom and carefully inspect the bottom of the cap. Another simple way to check: when pressing the color of the flesh of the poisonous fungus does not change.

Photo 1 - forest mushroom;

Photo 2 - meadow mushroom;

Photo 3 - Field Mushroom;

Picture 4 - yellow-skinned mushroom;

Photo 5 - flat-topped champignon.