What is the technological structure? Description. Theory

Scientists involved in the study of social and economic development of states agreed that it passes undulating (according to the theory of long waves Kondratieff), the level of growth is determined by the influence of many factors (cultural, political, social and other), and the driving force of development is the degree of information And technological progress. According to a number of sources, the scientific and technical revolution (scientific technological revolution) occurs cyclically, while cycles last for about fifty years.

Theory of technological structures

There are five cycles. In the first wave (from 1785 to 1835) a technological structure was formed, which was based on new achievements of the textile industry, the use of water energy. The second cycle (from 1830 to 1890) is associated with the development of the railway industry and transport, mechanical production using steam engines. In the third wave, a technological structure was formed, based on the use of electricity. During this period (from 1880 to 1940), the development of the electrical industry and heavy engineering was noted. In the third wave, plastics, non-ferrous metals, aircraft, telegraph, radio communications and other achievements were introduced into life. In addition, during this period of time, trusts, cartels, large firms began to appear. In the market, monopolies and oligopolies were dominated, accumulation of financial and banking capital began.

Fourth cycle

In the 4th wave, the technological structure was formed, which was based on the subsequent development of energy with the use of oil products, oil, communications, gas, weapons, aircraft, tractors and others. During this period from 1930 to 1990, there was a widespread distribution of computers and software, radar. They began to use the atom - in the military, and then for peaceful purposes. Interethnic and transnational companies began to appear, making direct investments in markets in different countries. For the fifth wave, emphasis is placed on advances in informatics, microelectronics, genetic engineering, biotechnology, satellite communications, and various types of energy. From the fragmented nature, firms are moving towards the formation of a single network of large and small companies, the interaction between which is established via the Internet. This period (from 1985 to 2035) is characterized by planning, quality control, organization of deliveries in accordance with the principle "on time". It should be noted that the duration of individual waves is slightly more than fifty years. This is due to the coincidence of the time of recession of the outgoing way with the period of progression of the new one. Acceleration of the NTP will contribute to a reduction in the duration of the waves in the future.

Fifth wave. Elements and benefits

The concept of the technological structure of the present time includes several components. The core elements are the core, the key factor. The core is the electronic industry, software, computer technology, telecommunications and other achievements of modern science. The key factor is the microelectronic components. Compared with the previous (fourth), the fifth technological order is based on individualization of consumption and production, widening the variety of products, overcoming environmental restrictions through automation of production, and so on.