The notion of thinking as a process. Thinking, its forms and types

The information that a person receives from the world around him allows him to form a representation not only of the external, but also of the internal aspect of the subject. He can imagine an object, suppose it changes over time. All this allows us to make human thinking. , которые его составляют, изучаются в рамках такой дисциплины, как психология. The concept, the processes that make up it, are studied within the framework of such discipline as psychology.

Terminology

The concept of thinking has a number of specific features. First of all, it is a cognitive activity of a person, characterized by an indirect and generalized reflection of reality. Phenomena and objects of the real world have such properties and interrelations that the individual can study directly. The concept of thinking is closely related to the ability of a person to perceive reality, to feel it. Cognition is carried out by studying the color, shape, sounds, features of moving and placing objects in space.

Symptoms

Revealing the concept of thinking, it is necessary first of all to explain its mediated character. Everything that a person does not manage to learn directly is studied indirectly. Inaccessible to direct research properties are analyzed through other characteristics - available. Mediation is one of the key features included in the concept of thinking. всегда базируются на чувственном опыте: ощущениях, представления, восприятиях. Thinking operations are always based on sensory experience: sensations, perceptions, perceptions. In addition, the base is the theoretical knowledge acquired earlier. Considering the concept of thinking, analysts point to another important feature - generality. The knowledge of the common in real objects is realized because all their characteristics are related to each other.

Characteristic

The expression of generalizations is made using the language. Thus the verbal designation can concern not only to one separately taken object, but also to the whole group of objects. Generalization is characteristic of images expressed in representations. However, in them it is limited to visualization. The word allows you to unlimitedly generalize everything that a person learns by using thinking. представляет собой отражение существенных свойств объекта. Formation of concepts is a reflection of the essential properties of the object. The person perceives the phenomena, analyzes them and generalizes the signs into certain categories.

Thinking: concept, judgment, reasoning

The idea of an object is the supreme product of the activity of the brain. Judgment is a form of thinking that reflects the real objects in their relationships and connections. Simply put, it is an idea, a thought. предполагает создание определенных последовательностей, состоящих из выводов. The concept of "logical thinking" involves the creation of certain sequences, consisting of conclusions. Such chains are necessary to solve a problem, to find the answer to a question. Such sequences are called reasoning. It has a practical meaning only when it leads to a specific conclusion - inference. It, in turn, will be the answer to the question. вывод входит в качестве составного и обязательного элемента. In the concept of "logical thinking" the conclusion is included as a compound and mandatory element. He gives knowledge about phenomena and objects that take place in the objective world. Conclusions can be deductive, inductive and by analogy.

Sensual components

, нельзя не сказать о его основе. Considering the basic concepts of thinking , it is impossible not to say about its basis. It is created by representations, perceptions, sensations. Information in the brain comes through the senses. They act as the only channels of communication between a person and the outside world. The content of the information is processed in the brain. Thinking is the most complex form of information processing. Solving problems in the brain, a person builds a chain of ideas, comes to some conclusion. So he learns the essence of things and phenomena, formulates laws and their connections. On the basis of all this, a person changes the world around him. Thinking is formed on the basis of perceptions and sensations. The transition from the sensory to the ideological implies certain actions. The work of the brain consists in isolating and isolating the object or its sign, distraction from the concrete, establishing a common for a multitude of objects.

Communicative component

формируются на базе чувственного познания, наибольшее значение для человека имеет взаимосвязь с языком. Despite the fact that the concepts of thinking and consciousness are formed on the basis of sensory cognition, the most important for a person is the relationship with language. It allows you to formulate and convey your conclusions. Modern psychologists do not believe that internal speech has the same functions and structure as the external one. Under the first is meant a transitional link between design and word. The mechanism through which it becomes possible to transcode a common sense into a statement is a preparatory stage.

Nuance

Considering the concept of thinking, speech, it is necessary to note one important point. It was established above that there is a close relationship between them. However, its presence does not mean that thinking is always reduced solely to speech. These elements belong to different categories and have distinctive features. To think is not to say to oneself. Confirmation of this can serve as an opportunity to express the same idea in different words. Moreover, a person can not always find the right terms to express his conclusions.

Additionally

Language serves as an objective form of thinking . The idea is expressed through a written or spoken word. In this form, it can be perceived not only by the author, but also by other people. Language ensures the preservation of thoughts. With his help, ideas are systematized, passed on to future generations. However, there are additional funds. ". Their description is often used by authors who study the notion of "new thinking ". In modern conditions, people have to come up with new ways of transferring data in order to speed up their cognition and obtain conclusions. The most common means include conventional signs, electrical impulses, sound and light signals.

Classification

Types of thinking are determined depending on the place that the word, action, image, their ratio occupies. On this basis three categories of knowledge are distinguished:

1. Specific-effective (practical).
2. Abstract.
3. Specifically-figurative.

These species are also classified according to the specifics of the tasks assigned.

Specific-effective knowledge

It is aimed at solving certain tasks within the framework of constructive, productive, organizational or other practical activities of a person. This thinking consists in understanding the technical aspects of objects and phenomena. Its key features include:

• Pronounced observation;
• Attention to the elements;
• The ability to use details in specific situations;
• Skills in working with spatial images and models;
• Ability to quickly move from reflection to action and back.

Visual-figurative knowledge

As can be seen from the title, such thinking is based on the person's ideas about objects and phenomena. This kind of knowledge is called artistic. For him, abstract thought and generality are characteristic. Man uses his ideas to create visual images.

Abstraction

Verbal logical thinking is oriented primarily toward the search for common natural or social patterns. Abstract (theoretical) cognition allows you to reflect relationships and relationships peculiar to phenomena and objects. It uses broad categories and concepts. Images and representations perform auxiliary functions.

The empirical method

He gives the primary information. Knowledge is realized through experiments. Generalizations are formulated at the lowest level of abstraction. According to the psychologist Teplov, many authors consider the work of the theorist (scientist) as the only model. However, practical (experimental) activity requires no less intellectual forces. The intellectual work of the theorist is concentrated mainly at the initial stage of cognition. It involves a departure from practice. Intellectual work of the researcher focuses more on the transition from abstraction to experience. In practical thinking, the optimal correlation of man's will and mind, his energetic, regulatory, cognitive capabilities is essential. This form of knowledge is associated with the rapid formulation of priorities, the development of flexible programs and plans. In the stressful conditions of his activities, a practitioner must have great self-control.

Theoretical knowledge

It promotes the identification of universal relations. Theoretical thinking is connected with the study of the object in the system of relations. As a result, conceptual models are built, theories are created, experience is generalized, the patterns of the development of phenomena are revealed, information about which provides the person's transformative work. Theoretical knowledge has an inseparable connection with the practical. However, the first differs relative independence of the results. Theoretical thinking is based on previous knowledge and serves as a basis for obtaining new information.

Other types of cognition

Depending on the non-standard or standardized tasks and procedures performed, creative thinking, heuristic, discursive, algorithmic thinking are singled out. The latter is directed at pre-defined rules, the generally recognized sequence of concrete actions that must be taken to achieve the goal. Discursive thinking is based on a system of inferences that are interconnected. Heuristic knowledge is focused on solving non-standard problems. Creative thinking is called thinking, which leads to fundamentally new results. In addition, there is also productive and reproductive cognition. The latter involves reproducing the results that were obtained earlier. In this case, there is a combination of thinking and memory. The productive method is directly opposite to it. This thinking leads to completely new cognitive results.