The fixed connection of the bones has ... What are the joints of the bones that are still?

Individual bones in the human body are connected to each other in a single skeleton with muscles, ligaments, cartilages. They give it shape and strength, and in most cases mobility. Almost all the bones in the human body are directly articulated.

Types of connection of bones

There are 3 types of connection between the bones: motionless, semi-mobile and mobile. And the degree of mobility directly depends on the type and structure of tissue, located between the bones. It can bind them quite rigidly, provide limited flexibility of connection or a wide range of movements:

1. The fixed connection of bones has the property to be formed by their fusion, it is characterized by limited movements, complete absence of it or a slight mobility.
2. Semi-mobile connections exist between fixed and mobile connections.
3. To movable joints are joints, they are responsible for the mechanics of movements in the body.

Fixed connection

Fixed joint of bones has a human skull and pelvis. In them, between the joints is a thin interlayer of the joint or cartilage. Given the shape of the joint, there are seams cogged, scaly and flat. All of them are the area of development of the bones of the skull and reveal a cushioning effect when moving.

Thanks to Fixed connection of bones has a skull, its bones protect from the outside influences the brain and senses, and also form features of the face. The only exception is the mobile temporomandibular joints, which connect the lower jaw to the skull.

Structure of the bones of the skull

There are 2 important departments in the skull:

• One of them, the brain, is built of 8 bones that protect the brain and inner ear. All his bones are interconnected by interlayers of fibrous tissue - sutures.
• A facial consists of 14 bones, where the nose, mouth and eyes are located. The bones of the facial department determine the facial features of a person. The nasal cavity is divided into two symmetrical halves by a bone-cartilaginous septum. Bony outgrowths, called nasal conchaes, cause the flow of incoming air to warm up and filter, leaving dust and microbes on the mucous membrane. It also opens the paranasal sinuses.

The fixed joint of bones has a thin layer of fibrous tissue, which plays the role of glue. It is a dense fibrous formation that makes them immovable. Such a fixed joint of bones is called synarthrosis. Synarthrosis is found in the skull, for example, its seams, which have a connective tissue between them. This is how the bones of the skull and the teeth with the jaws of the jaws are combined.

Semi-mobile connections

A person has 7 cervical vertebrae, of which the two upper ones are distinguished: the atlas and the axial. Atlas is a ring vertebra that carries the entire weight of the human skull. His name, by the way, is dedicated to the mythical titan, who holds the firmament on his shoulders. It is thanks to the articulation of the atlas with the skull that a man can nod. And the axial vertebra, or epistrophy, forms on top a tooth around which the atlas rotates with the skull.

Semi-mobile connection of bones is a cartilaginous tissue, but in the thickness of the cartilage there is a small cavity. Limited mobility of these compounds is due to cartilaginous plates and elastic ligaments.

Synchondroses are semi-mobile connections between bones with a very low degree of mobility. Cartilage compounds have limited mobility due to the elasticity of the cartilage that binds the bones. For example, a semi-mobile connection of bones has a frontal fusion, which closes the front of the pelvis, and intervertebral discs. In cartilaginous tissue cells are separated by an intercellular substance, which often forms a strong framework, allowing it to perform binding, supporting and protective functions.

Cartilage connections

There are several types of cartilage:

1. Hyaline (vitreous) is the most common. It is very durable, smooth, bluish in color. Forms the skeleton of the embryo, and in adults - part of the ribs, the support of the airways and articular surfaces of articulated bones. It is interesting that the fetal skeleton consists mainly of such flexible cartilage, which gradually develops into bone tissue. The remains of cartilage between the diaphyses and the epiphyses ossify only to 25 years. In addition, not all skeletal cartilage ossifies. It remains on the articular surfaces of bones, in the nose and in the auricles.
2. Fibrous (fibrous) - whitish in color. Contains more collagen fibers and forms compounds with limited mobility, for example, connects intervertebral discs. Such cartilaginous intervertebral discs can be slightly compressed and twisted, but because of their large number provide flexibility of the spine.
3. Elastic (mesh) - yellowish in color. It is characterized by a large number of elastin fibers, which gives it flexibility. Forms the skeleton of the auricle and part of the larynx.

Collagen is a very strong and flexible material that serves as the basis for most connective tissues that bind, share and protect vital organs. These include bone, cartilaginous, fibrous tissue.

Fixed connection of bones: examples

Speaking about the fixed connection of bones, it is necessary to dwell on synostoses, which Are formed from syndesmosis and synchondrosis with age. At the same time connective tissue or cartilage between some bones turns into bone.

So, the pelvic bone is an example of what bone connections are immobile. They form something in the form of a bowl that protects and supports the organs of the lower abdominal cavity. This belt can withstand enormous loads, the hollow of the hip joint is much deeper than the shoulder, so it is much more stable.

For example, the coccyx consists of 3-5 rudimentary vertebrae, which, as they age, grow into a single triangular bone. Another example of synostosis is overgrown seams or fontanel in a baby. These are physiological synostoses.

But with certain diseases of the bone apparatus, ossification can occur not only in the cartilaginous tissue, but also in certain joints. These are pathological synostoses. Of course, there are no movements with this ossification.