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The city of Aktobe (Kazakhstan): history, administrative structure, sights. Architecture of the city

In March 1999, on the maps of Kazakhstan and the world appeared a new city of Aktobe, a hundred-odd years old Aktobe. The etymology of the name is based on a combination of the words "ak" and "tube", which means "white" and "hill" in Turkic languages, respectively. Earlier it was possible to find a name like Belovershinsk. The color of the hill is given by the chalky rocks that protrude to the surface where the soil layer is destroyed by the efforts of erosion. The word "ak" can be translated as "spiritually pure", "innocent", "undefiled", which gives the city a slightly different, majestic meaning.

Location

The city of Aktobe was founded on the left bank of the fairly large (more than 600 km long) tributary of the Ural - the Ilek River - near the confluence of the Kargaly River, but due to the systematically developing construction it "stepped" across the river and began to explore the right bank. This is approximately in the center of the Podulal Plateau, in the north-western part of Kazakhstan, near the border with Russia. To better imagine where the city of Aktobe is located, let's name its location relative to the nearest large settlements and objects. This is about 230 km from Orenburg, 500 km from Ufa, 430 km from Uralsk and 550 km from the nearest coast of the Caspian Sea. You can get to Aktobe by any type of transport - air, railway, automobile. The federal highway M32 (the future A300) leading to the Samara and Orenburg regions, the A24 trails to Martuk and A27 to Atyrau pass through the city. In addition, through Aktobe paved the largest highway "Europe - Western China", which is called the "modern silk way".

There is a large modern railway station in the city, and a new international airport is located about 4 km to the south.

A short excursion into the history

The city of Aktobe (Kazakhstan) once belonged to the Russian Empire. He grew up from the military fortification of Ak-Tube, founded here in 1869 by two companies of infantry and a hundred Cossacks, commanded by Count, who was in the rank of an outbuilding, von Borg. Prior to the arrival of the military, the nomads lived there, engaged mainly in cattle breeding. Not everyone was happy about the appearance of strangers. Thus, the detachment commanded by Bekbauov tried to conduct military operations against them, but after the first defeat from the Cossacks surrendered. Around the military fort, people gradually settled. By 1891, the settlement had grown to such an extent that it received the status of a district town, called Aktobe. Its successful development was promoted by the railway branch, which appeared here in 1902 and connected the town with Tashkent and Orenburg. The development of industry also led to the emergence of a revolutionary working class. Already in 1905 the party of the RSDLP was established in the city. After the revolution, Aktyubinsk several times passed from the hands of the Bolsheviks to the hands of the White Guards and back, until finally, on September 2, 1919, the Soviet government finally established Soviet power in the city with the support of the aviation of those years. At first Aktyubinsk belonged to the republic of Kyrgyzstan, but in 1936, when the Kazakh SSR was formed on the territory of the RSFSR , it joined its composition. In 1990, Kazakhstan became an independent state, and in another 9 years Aktobe received a new name - the city of Aktobe. For his not so long life a lot of bad and good things happened. In the early years of Soviet power, when the young state was strangled from all sides, and it was incredibly difficult to get on its feet, the people of Aktobe survived the famine (1919-1922) - at that time, only according to official data, about 1,000 people died. Further from mistakes in economics and politics, a second famine occurred (1932-1933), which claimed the lives of about 4,500 townspeople. There were so few products in those terrible years that people ate bark of trees and clay, and there were cases (documented, by the way) that each other. Despite these horrors, housing was built in the city, water and electricity supply was developing, and landscaping was carried out. And only everything began to improve, as the war broke out. About a dozen plants and factories from Moscow, Zaporozhye and Dnepropetrovsk were evacuated to Aktyubinsk. After the war began rapid development of the economy of Aktyubinsk, large-scale construction of housing, expansion of the city's infrastructure. Almost all the objects created at that time are functioning now.

Controls

In Kazakhstan, the government bodies represent the akimat, which manages the affairs of the state and is an independent executive power, and the maslikhat is an elective power that expresses the will of the people. Deputies in each maslikhat are elected by the residents of the settlement to which they belong. Akimat (city administration) is formed by akims, and its structure is approved by maslikhat. The administrative staff includes deputies, employees of various departments, employees of management of economic structures, resources, activities of enterprises and organizations. Akims of large territorial units (capitals, oblasts) are appointed by the president. The Akim of the city of Aktobe is appointed by the akim of the Aktyubinsk region with broader powers. The first to hold this post in Aktobe was E. Sagindykov, Doctor of Economic Sciences, a person with extensive experience. Before becoming the head of the city administration, E. Sagandykov worked as a physical education teacher at the school, a master of vocational training in vocational schools, and then rose to senior positions in vocational education. He managed to work in the regional committee of the CPSU of Kazakhstan, as well as served as deputy minister of education and consultant in the Supreme Council. Akim in Aktobe E. Sagandykov worked until 2004, until he received the post of head of the administration of the whole Aktyubinsk region. Now akim of the city of Aktobe - Bekbol Sagyn, a lawyer by profession, a bachelor. To this high post he is appointed in 2015. The building of the akimat is located in the central avenue of Abilkayir Khan (former Lenin Avenue).

Old town

There is an unofficial division into two almost equal parts of Aktobe - the Old Town, located on the slope of Ak-Tube, and Novy, centered on the most large-scale city avenue named after Abilkayyr Khan. In the old part of the city there is a railway station. And the districts bear such names: Moscow, Tatarka (Tatar Sloboda), Kurmysh, Otorvanovka, Malyshka, Gormolzavod. This is dominated by private houses and buildings in one floor. The district of Otorvanovka appeared one of the first, back in 1887. It began to build up settlers from the Astrakhan province. No less ancient and Kurmysh, named so by the name of the blacksmith Kurmys, who lived here once. The land on which it is located can be flooded by the flooded rivers Kargada and Ilek. Kurmysh borders on the fair and market "Shygys". The area of Moscow comes close to the railway line, and also adjoins the micro-district Bolshak, which is considered promising in terms of development. The architecture of the city of Aktobe is such that new skyscrapers and old buildings coexist peacefully here and even create some eclectic harmony. In the central part of the city, however, they do not have much left. Of the available, you can distinguish the restaurant "Shahrezada", located in the building of the former women's gymnasium erected in 1894, and the cinema "Lokomotiv", which was once the House of Culture of railway workers (built in 1928).

New part of the city

Undoubtedly, the most beautiful and interesting is the New city of Aktobe. The photo captures one of the squares with the mosque in the evening lights. The new part includes the areas: Shanghai, Ken Dala, Microdistricts (go under the numbers), Sazdy and Bolshak. Microdistricts are located along the central avenue and are mostly built up with high-rise buildings, have an extensive network of shops, banks, comfortable hotels offering world-class service, and other infrastructure. On the central avenue are the administration building, shopping centers, stadium, banks, two mosques, higher educational institutions.

The farthest area in the New City is Shanghai. It is built up mainly by single-storey residential buildings.

In addition to the above, in Aktobe with an enviable regularity there are new areas. Only recently they were formed 30 units.

Infrastructure

The city of Aktobe, whose population is almost 400 thousand people, is a large metropolis, in which dozens of factories, factories and private entrepreneurs operate. Among them there are factories of X-ray equipment, ferroalloys, mechanical engineering (produces machinery for the needs of agriculture), distilleries, food, light and chemical industries. Objects of culture in Aktobe are represented by cinemas, a planetarium, libraries, which here are 18 units, museums, theaters. The Drama Theater named after Akhtanov, founded in 1935, the puppet theater "Alakai", the regional philharmonic society work in the city. Education provides 6 universities, including the State University. Zhubanov, Medical University named after Ospanov. According to the latest data, 20.5% of the population had higher education in Aktobe. The health of the townspeople is monitored by employees of 29 hospitals and about 100 ambulance stations and polyclinics. In Aktobe, much attention is paid to sports. The local football club, named after the city, has repeatedly won in regional, regional and local football matches, becoming the champion of the country. In general, Aktobe is considered the most "football" city in Kazakhstan. From sports facilities there are several stadiums, tennis courts, swimming pool, ice palace, fitness clubs. Public transport is well developed in Aktobe, represented by buses and minibuses, and also by taxis. Trolleybuses and trams are not here.

Climate

The zone on the mainland Eurasia, where Aktobe is located, is characterized by a sharply continental type of climate. This means hot summers, cold winters, a contrast between day and night temperatures, high solar radiation and low rainfall. As to where the city of Aktobe is located - in Asia or Europe, there is no consensus. If the Ural mountain system is considered a boundary, then in Asia, if we carry it along the Caspian coast (as do many geographers), then in Europe. Regardless of this, in Aktobe in summer the temperature can reach +30 degrees and above, in winter it drops to -20 degrees, but there were years when in January the thermometer column showed -48 o C. Precipitation by months is on average evenly distributed, strongly Rainy, as well as very arid, there are no seasons. The number of sunny and overcast days is also approximately the same and is 174 and 148 days, respectively, plus 43 days with cloudy weather.

Hydro resources and beaches

The city of Aktobe has an unusually beautiful nature. The photo captures one of the corners in the park near the fountains. There are so many of them that even a feast of fountains is organized, timed to May 1. According to the number of water bodies, Aktobe can be called a city not only of white peaks, but also of blue rivers. Built on the left bank of the river Ilek, he has already moved to its right bank. The center of the city is decorated with the river Szazda, on the north-west side it is washed by the Zhinishke water, from the southern part partly by the summer drying up in Tamda, and from the north by the Peschanka. But that's not all. In the Kirpichniy district, the Butak River flows, which cuts Aktobe and the village of Akzhar.

In addition to the rivers, near the city there are reservoirs. One of the largest in the region is Aktobe, which is only 10 km from Aktobe. Even closer, 8 km from the city, there is a reservoir Sazdinskoe, the most popular among the townspeople. And the third, the largest in the region, is the Kargalinskoye, but it is located 60 km from Aktobe.

Such an abundance of hydro resources provides a unique opportunity for summer and winter recreation of citizens. A lot of tourist bases, boarding houses, beaches are built along the banks of the reservoirs. The most well-equipped - at the Sazdinsky reservoir, where in addition to bathing areas there are sports grounds, a billiard room, a cafe, there are many water attractions. A good reputation and at the beach "Sayahat", where everything is exquisite, beautiful, there is even a fountain with fish.

Aktobe city: attractions

Since Aktobe is quite young, it is not particularly rich in historical and archaeological sites. Almost the most popular place for both city dwellers and tourists is the huge entertainment and at the same time shopping complex "Nurdaulet", where there are about a hundred shops, pharmacies, cafes, attractions for children, mini-zoo. It is also remarkable that one of the central mosques, also called Nurdaulet, is literally two steps away. The population of the city of Aktobe is mostly Muslim (73%), and at first not everyone took a positive view of the entertainment complex in the neighborhood of the temple of the Lord, but because of the ancient traditions of the mosques, markets were always set up, the townspeople gradually appreciated and approved this new architectural project. In addition to Nurdaulet, the city has a mosque called Nur Gasyr - very beautiful, located on the central avenue. In its building there is a museum of religious Muslim themes "Rukhaniyat", where unique specimens of ancient books and objects sacred for Muslims are collected.

In Aktobe, there are Orthodox churches, which also cause interest in their architecture. Among them, the Golden-domed Cathedral of St. Nicholas is especially prominent.

Those who are interested in the history of the city of Aktobe, you should look in the museums, the oldest of which is the Historical and Local History Museum. It began its activity in 1924 and contains dozens of unique exhibits.

In addition, the history of the city is imprinted in monuments and monuments, which are about three dozen in Aktobe.

To the sights of the village you can include wonderful parks, boulevards, fountains, a planetarium, which for a long time was the only one in Kazakhstan.

Achievements and challenges

According to the number of inhabitants, Aktobe takes the 5th place in Kazakhstan. The symbol of the city is the tulip. The Aktobe emblem has the form of a circle, which means "perpetual motion". In its lower part the name of the city, executed by a white color, symbolizing purity and sanctity is placed. Blue background means never stopping the movement of water, ornaments of yellow, green and red - this is the sun, nature and tulips. In the center of the emblem is placed a griffin, which in heraldry has always been a symbol of strength, speed, vigilance and power.

Aktobe is a multinational city. Most of all, Kazakhs live there (73%) and Russians (20%). Besides them, there are Ukrainians, Germans, Bashkirs, Tatars, Koreans, Moldovans, Bulgarians, Chechens, Armenians and representatives of other nationalities.

On economic indicators, Aktobe firmly holds the 6th position in the country. The growth of industry and welfare are inextricably linked. So, according to statistics, the average salary in Aktobe varies within the limits of 500-600 dollars, which is an excellent result.

Aktobe people are famous not only for their labor achievements, but also for their success in the field of culture. The city is famous for the music festival "Sukhovei", which presents an independent style in music.

Unfortunately, Aktobe is not without problems. The largest of them is ecological. It is caused by industrial enterprises, which do not have high-quality water and air purification systems. Their activities have resulted in several times exceeding the standards of formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide and some other chemicals in certain areas. In addition, the waste of boron and chromium is discarded every year in the Ilek River. To cope with these problems and ensure further prosperity of the city, every year dozens of trees, thousands of flowers are planted in it, work is underway to update the treatment facilities.

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