Ordynsky way - regular tribute to the Golden Horde

The Ordynsky exit is one of the most famous duties that existed in Russia from the 13th to the 15th centuries. At this time, the peasants groaned under the weight of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, to which was added a tribute paid to the local princes. This was one of the most difficult periods in the life of the Russian people. Rus drowned in blood from the attacks of strangers and peasant uprisings.

The tribute payment system

At the beginning of the XIII century the Russian land was sprinkled with blood, whole villages and cities burned. From the raids of the troops of the Golden Horde there was no salvation, people of different classes and ages suffered. Rusichi only engaged in building housing and strengthening settlements. But very soon the Mongols realized that it was unprofitable to attack settlements, because people were not able to collect the harvest, the poor, the harvest. That's when the Horde's way was introduced. Tribute is a constant, fixed income to the treasury, without having to attack anyone.

In 1257, they conducted a census of the population, so the Mongol-Tatars knew exactly which princedom they had to pay their dues. Tribute to the Golden Horde was collected from lands, families, plows, and people were also obliged to pay duties for beekeeping, fishing, hunting for birds and animals. The Ordyn military detachments followed order, as well as the Basques governors, who collected tribute in each principality.

To whom did the service go?

The Ordynsky exit operated on all the lands of the Russian principalities, everything was paid for the duty. The exception was representatives of the Byzantine Orthodox Church. It was explained very simply - the Horde was in friendly relations with Byzantium, and nobody was going to spoil them because of the desire for profit. In addition, the Orthodox Church taught people humility, and this was beneficial to the Mongol-Tatars. The believing peasants silently tolerated the presence of strangers in their territory, they gave part of the crop without censure. After all, it is necessary to obey the conquerors, all the will of God ...

The amount of the tribute

The Horde output was going to be in money equivalent. Since at that time there was no monetary system in Russia, they introduced the Mongolian system. Many historians say that the duty in the Middle Ages for the Russian peasants was exorbitant, but are the Horde people to blame for this? Tribute at the beginning called tithe. Based on the name, it becomes clear that people had to pay 1/10 of their income.

From the surviving sources it is known that in 1275 the Mongols took from the "plow" on a half-heave of silver, in 1384 - from the village in half a round, in 1408 - from the "plow" a half-ruble. It should be taken into account that the village and the "sokha", as well as the hryvnia and the ruble, are one and the same. From this it follows that during the XIII - XV centuries the amount of tribute did not change. In addition, the Mongol-Tatars collected duties not annually, but every 7 years. Of course, it was expensive, because during this time a decent amount of money was accumulated, but still the Mongols did not demand much - about 1.5% of the income.

Termination of payments

Despite the fact that the regular tribute that was collected in Russia for the Khan of the Golden Horde, in percentage terms was not so significant, the peasants sometimes remained without any harvest and means for existence. The reason was duties, additionally charged by local princes. People who were unable to pay the specified amount were turned into slaves. Over time, the peasants began to rebel, revolts occurred in Rostov, Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Suzdal. Of course, they were suppressed, a lot of blood was spilled, but still the Horde abandoned the system of Basque culture, and the collection of tribute was transferred to the shoulders of the princes. Payment of duties of the Golden Horde lasted until the XV century. Then the princes, even though they collected tribute from people, did not take her to the khans, and John Vasilievich III stopped paying the Horde exit altogether.