Oligophrenopedagogy - what is it? Science, specialty

At the beginning of the 21st century, a large number of publications appeared on the issues of studying, teaching, and educating children with limited mental health. This is an object that studies oligophrenopedagogy. What it is? This is one of the branches of defectology that studies the problems of preparing for the mentally retarded people and considers the issues of their further social rehabilitation.

The history of society's attitude towards dementia

Modern science does not have any information about what position abnormal people occupied in primitive tribes. However, it is for certain that the members of society who were unable to take part in the production of food either died themselves or were killed.

It is impossible to call humane attitude of society to the weak-minded not only in ancient times, but also in the Middle Ages. Such people were looked upon as being devoid of human nature and doomed, therefore, not worthy of compassion and help. The society tried to protect itself from those whose behavior to some extent hurt its interests.

The turning point in relation to dementia was the Great French bourgeois revolution (1786-1793). This event marked the beginning of a new historic milestone in the development of the whole society. In addition, this revolution has had a tremendous impact on the development of sciences in various fields of knowledge. In 1793, the Declaration of Human Rights was published, in which, as in some decrees, it was said that public assistance to unfortunate people should be considered a sacred duty. At the same time, it was viewed not as charity or charity, but as an obligation of the state.

In the second half of the 19th century, the problem of dementia became particularly acute. This time is characterized by rapid development of industry, increased exploitation of workers and a significant deterioration in their living conditions. All this has caused a rise in the number of abnormal children. That is why the research of dementia began to take into account aspects of psychological, pedagogical and clinical nature. All works were carried out with the purpose of the further prospect of development of intelligence of feeble-minded people.

Continuation of work in this direction contributed to the rapid flowering of the natural sciences. This contributed to the emergence in the late 19 th - early 20 th century, two trends in understanding the nature and nature of dementia. Their representatives focused their efforts on the search for causes and clinical study of pathology, as well as on the education of mentally retarded children. Thus, psychiatrists such as V. Weigand, V. P. Serbsky, V. I. Yakovenko and others made significant contributions to the development of oligophrenopedagogy.

Attitude to dementia in Russia

The Orthodox Church began to show concern for the wretched and fools on the territory of our country in former times. This is indicated by official documents dating back to the 10th century.

In ancient Russia, the people considered idiot people to be pleasing to God and surrounded them with a halo of mystery and holiness. However, the holy fools that roamed the roads of the country caused a lot of evil. They committed a large number of crimes and arson. That is why there was a need for their isolation from society. The first such institution was opened in Riga by Dr. Friedrich Plyats. It was a medical-pedagogical institution for the feeble-minded and suffering from seizures. Served this institution until 1941.

Activities on the education and training of abnormal children were carried out in Russia and the military departments with the help of special gymnasiums.

Oligophrenopedagogics, whose history made a new turn in the late 19th century, received a powerful impulse to its development thanks to the work of psychiatrists IG Ignatyeva and PI Kovalevsky. At the same time, they often pointed to the inadequacy of the assistance of public institutions for the development of mentally retarded children. At the same time EK Gracheva, engaged in research in the field of teaching and educating abnormal children, pointed to the harmfulness to society of ignoring such assistance.

The Soviet stage of development of our state is distinguished by the creation of a differentiated network of special institutions. They were open to the education of children with low intelligence.

Oligophrenopedagogy is a science that was developed in the Soviet period thanks to the fundamental works of I. G. Eremenko, I. P. Lauzhikas, I. A. Groshenkov, M. N. Perov and many other researchers.

To date, this discipline is being studied at the Research Institute of Correctional Pedagogics of the Russian Academy of Pedagogical Sciences. Modern oligophrenopedagogy - what is it? This direction, studying the patterns and features in the development of mentally retarded children, which manifest themselves in the learning process. Research and development in this area is conducted by modern oligophrenopedagogists. Based on their work, certain adjustments are made to the system of not only special but also general education.

Relationship with other sciences

Oligophrenopedagogy is not able to exist and develop without a number of related disciplines, which are conditionally divided into three blocks. This is medical science, psychological, and also pedagogical. What is the significance of these directions for oligophrenopedagogy?

As for the medical sciences, with their help, scientists who study the problem of mentally retarded children are able to understand the biological causes of pathology and the essence of the changes that have occurred in the patient's body. In this block are: physiology and anatomy, neuropathology and neurophysiology, psychiatry and psychopathology, pediatrics and genetics. These disciplines allow scientists to understand those features that have the development of a mentally retarded child, which allows to properly develop a general education system.

What is still closely related oligophrenopedagogy? Human psychology (general, pedagogical and special) is a discipline, the research of which is also very important for oligophrenopedagogy. They allow us to identify the patterns that are present in children with impaired intellect. Also, with their help, oligophrenopedagogists receive an understanding of the mental processes taking place in such patients. This allows us to scientifically justify the methods and methods used in practice.

In the education and training of children with intellectual disabilities, pedagogy provides immense help. This discipline makes it possible to determine the specifics of the principles, objectives and content of the process of training mentally retarded schoolchildren. At the same time, pedagogy borrowed funds, methods and techniques that make it possible to produce this category of pupils. This block includes several sciences. Among them, general, social and special pedagogy, as well as didactics of educational work.

General concept of discipline

So, modern oligophrenopedagogy - what is it? It is a science that develops a pedagogical classification that is capable of providing the possibility of not only an individual but also a differentiated approach to children with low intellect. In addition, this discipline points to the methods and principles of the education of such students, the content of their labor training and general education. Also in special educational institutions private methods of oligophrenopedagogy as a science are used and the recommendations of this discipline are used to create a system and structure of similar schools.

Basic principles

To anyone who asks himself the question about oligophrenopedagogics - what it is, it is worth knowing that this discipline has the same sources as pedagogy. It also examines the general methodology of the lesson, the basics of organizing the educational process, etc. Only, unlike pedagogy, this scientific direction studies the work with mentally retarded children, taking into account their characteristics. Moreover, the principles of oligophrenopedagogy, such as education and upbringing, development and formation of a person, have the same meaning as in general pedagogy.

Basic Methods

Scientists-oligophrenopedagogy in their work conduct:

• Research;
• Observations;
• Questioning;
• Studying the results of children's activities;
• Experiments;
• The study of documentation of a psychological-pedagogical nature.

All these methods oligophrenopedagogy as a science. Let us consider them in more detail.

When conducting observations, a purposeful study of a particular pedagogical phenomenon is carried out. As a result, the researcher receives factual material. Observation sets a certain goal, has its own tasks, and also an object. During its execution, protocols (records) are maintained.

Often, the work of scientists is based on their research, one of which methods is a conversation. It allows you to get the necessary information and clarify what was not clear enough when using other methods oligophrenopedagogy. Conduct a conversation on a pre-designed plan.

To conduct a mass gathering of information to scientists allows questioning. During the meeting, the addressees respond in writing to the questions posed.

No less valuable material researchers get in the process of studying products made by children with intellectual disabilities. Such products include various crafts, drawings, as well as notebooks with test papers and completed assignments for individual disciplines.

The next method oligophrenopedagogy is based on the study of a variety of documentation of a psychological and pedagogical nature. These are medical cards and children's personal files, their diaries, class journals, pedagogical characteristics, etc. Using this method they receive objective data indicating the practice of organizing the learning process.

A special role in research is played by experiment. It is a specially organized check of the reception, method or content of the work. The purpose of this method is to determine the pedagogical effectiveness of the educational process. The experiment consists of the following stages:

• The theoretical formulation of the problem, the definition of the goal, the subject and object of research, the development of problems and the promotion of hypotheses;
• Methodical development of research methods, as well as methods for further processing the results;
• Carrying out the experiment itself in the form of a complex of exercises, a series of tasks, etc.;
• Analytical qualitative and quantitative analysis of available data, formulating conclusions and drawing up practical recommendations.

Work with mentally retarded children

There is such a specialty - "oligophrenopedagogy". It is received by people who further train and educate children with intellectual disabilities. However, it should be borne in mind that this profession has a number of specific features. So, the task oligofrenopedagoga includes not only classes with their students in order to master some luggage of school knowledge. This specialist educates the children skills necessary for further independent life. Only with the successful accomplishment of this task, the disabled child will have the opportunity to join the achievements and values of the surrounding world.

Oligophrenopedagogy is work directed not only at children, but also at their parents who also need advice from a qualified specialist. The salary of the teacher of correctional education is slightly higher than that of his colleague from a regular school. And this is with a shorter working day. In addition, the oligophrenopedagogue works with small groups of children (from 8 to 12 people).

Students, as a rule, appreciate the kindness of their teacher and love him. However, not everyone can work with children who have low intellect. Such a teacher should have an optimistic attitude. Without this condition, the meaning of classes with those who need special help is lost. Faith in a child and human kindness are conditions without which no pedagogical method will work.

A true specialist should see in each disabled student a unique personality and work for her. Yes, this activity is associated with significant emotional, and sometimes physical, loads. However, to see that the child gradually, step by step, achieves new successes - this is a real joy for the teacher.

Workplace

Oligophrenopedagogists deal with children in special gardens and schools for children with intellectual disabilities. The workplace of such specialists is also various rehabilitation, as well as social centers. This profession is in demand in some general education schools and medical institutions, in which classes for children with mental retardation are open. In many respects the oligophrenopedagogist helps the children's doctor-psychoneurologist. This especially applies to cases of complex diagnosis of the pathology of the child's psyche.

Key Features

Oligophrenopedagogue can not work without kindness and love for children. In addition, we need such a specialist diligence and responsibility, perseverance, as well as the ability to rejoice in any, even insignificant, successes of their wards. An important condition for such a specific profession is the desire to acquire new knowledge. After all, science is constantly moving forward, and the teacher should be ready to learn and apply the new technologies and techniques that she proposed. To obtain new knowledge, you can take courses on oligophrenopedagogy. This will improve the existing qualifications and learn about new developments of researchers in this field.

The acquisition of knowledge

A teacher who works with mentally retarded children must understand the physiology of their violations, have correctional methods and be able to evaluate the results of the work done by him. And for this it is necessary to pass the appropriate training oligophrenopedagogy. For this you can go to Moscow State Pedagogical University. In this university there is a defectology faculty, training specialists in this direction. The training profile is oligophrenopedagogy.

Those wishing to receive this profession are invited by the Moscow City Pedagogical University. Potemkin. Education oligophrenopedagogy at the faculty of special pedagogy goes all wishing to associate their lives with this difficult profession. There is another metropolitan university, which is engaged in the training of qualified personnel in this field. This Moscow State University for the Humanities. Sholokhov. In this educational institution there is a defectology faculty, which trains specialists in the direction in question.

You can obtain the profession of an oligophrenopedagogue in some other higher educational institutions of Russian regions.