Musical wooden wind instrument. Wind musical instruments of the symphony orchestra

The orchestra is a large group of musicians, consisting of groups. In these groups, musicians play in unison. There are different orchestras in composition and music. It can be: symphonic, wind, string, variety, jazz, military, school, folk instruments.
The instruments of the symphony orchestra are grouped into groups: strings, winds, percussion instruments. In turn, the wind instruments are copper and wooden - depending on what material they are made of.

About woodwind instruments in general

Woodwind instruments of a symphony orchestra are bassoon, oboe, flute, clarinet and, of course, their variations. The winds of the wood include saxophone and bagpipes with their own variants, but they are rarely used in this orchestra.

Basically, either of these instruments performs its own part. It is generally accepted that the parties of wooden wind instruments should be placed on the top lines of the score. The general timbre of woodwinds is very bright, compact, but powerful. This sound is more like the voice of a man.

The very name of woodwinds was the result of the fact that initially they were all made from wood. Over time, other materials were used in their manufacture, but the name of the wooden remains.
The shortening of the sounding column of air through the opening of the holes is the principle of the sound extraction of these instruments. The holes are located on the body.

Wooden wind instruments, in the direction of the air jet, in turn, are of two types: labial - flute and duduk - and reed (with a single cane - saxophone, clarinet - and double cane - duduk, zurna, oboe, bassoon, shalmei).

And now in more detail.

Flute

The flute is a labial woodwind instrument. It appeared very long ago, when people on the cut reed with a closed end made holes and extracted sounds from it. In the Middle Ages, two kinds of flutes were distributed: a straight line - it was held straight, like a clarinet, and a transverse one, which was held at an angle. With time, already on the threshold of the 19th century, the transverse flute became more in demand and overshadowed its practicality straight.

In the group of woodwinds, it is the flute that has the highest sound. This is the most mobile of all technically instrument. It is difficult to perform slow melodies and sustained notes, since a large amount of air is used when playing on it (the air on the sharp edge of the hole is broken and partially disappears). This is how a sound characteristic of a flute is formed. The range of the transverse flute is from the first to the fourth octaves.

The main flute varieties

Recorder - longitudinal flute of the whistle family. The head uses an insert. Distinctive feature - 7 + 1 finger holes. The timbre is soft.

Flute-Piccolo - transverse flute. It is twice shorter than the ordinary one. Has the highest sound. The timbre is very bright, and with Music dynamic forte.svg - very piercing.

Pipe - Russian wooden wind instrument, longitudinal flute. It can have two barrels of different lengths, tuned to each other in a clean quart.

Syringa - longitudinal flute. It is single-barreled and multi-barreled. In ancient times she was played by shepherds.

Panflute is a multi-barreled flute. This is a bunch of several tubes of different lengths.

Di is an ancient Chinese woodwind instrument. It is transverse and endowed with six holes.

Ken is a longitudinal flute made of reed. Used in the music of Latin America.

Irish flute is widely used in the performance of Irish folk motifs. This is a transverse flute.

All these varieties of flutes are wood-wind instruments. The list can also be replenished by such representatives of the family as the tamer, whistle and ocarina.

Oboe

The next instrument from the section of woodwinds is oboe. It is known that the oboe does not lose its tuning and therefore the entire orchestra is tuned to the mood that this particular instrument serves.

The oboe is also a wooden wind instrument, with a double cane. Like the flute, it is an old representative of the family of the swires. His ancestors were bombard, bagpipe, duduk, zurna. Oboe, thanks to its melodiousness and soft timbre (although it is sharp in the upper register ), is a favorite instrument of both professional composers and musicians and amateurs. In technical terms, he is also mobile, but inferior in this issue flute. Outwardly it is a tube in the form of a kona, the upper end of which is a double cane, and the lower end is a funnel-shaped funnel.

The main types of oboe

Modern oboe: musette, oboe with conical bell, baritone horn, English horn.

Baroque oboe: baroque oboe d'amur, oboe and cacca or hunting oboe.

Clarinet

Clarinet is the most common lingual wooden musical instrument. It has a single cane and a wide range of sound. In appearance, this is a wooden tube in the form of a cylinder, at one end of which there is a single cane, and the other end is a bell-shaped bell.

The timbre of the instrument is soft and somewhat dramatic. No other wind instruments of the symphonic orchestra have such an opportunity to change the sound power, like a clarinet. Due to this quality, the clarinet is considered one of the most expressive instruments of the orchestra. The scope of the clarinet in music is wide and diverse. In addition to the symphonic, brass and military orchestra, it is actively used in jazz, variety and even folk music.

The main varieties of clarinet

A large or soprano clarinet is the main variety, an instrument of viola and soprano registers.

Small clarinet - rarely used, has a loud voice.

Bass clarinet - its sound is an octave below the big clarinet. This woodwind instrument, sounded in a low register, is more often used in the orchestra to enhance bass voices. Has a dramatic power. The bass clarinet is widely used in jazz.

Bassethorn - for extending down the range of an ordinary clarinet. Has a calm and solemn timbre.

Bassoon

Bassoon - reed wooden woodwind instrument. Its range covers low registers: incomplete alto, tenor and bass. Bassoon changed its predecessor - the old bass line to the bombard. Unlike the bombardment, which has a raucous sound, the bassoon has a gentle, melancholic sound.

The trunk of the bassoon is wooden, long and therefore foldable. A metal tube with a reed attached to the top of the barrel. It is suspended on the neck of the musician with the help of a lace.
In the orchestra, the bassoon can serve as a support for bass strings, and also have an independent part. A large air flow is required when playing this instrument, especially in a low register with loud sound.

The only type of bassoon

The only variety of modern bassoon is counterfeit. This wooden wind instrument with a low voice is considered to be the lowest band in the orchestra instrument and second only to pedal basses of the organ. It has a dense organ timbre.

Saxophone

The above instruments with their varieties are wood-wind instruments. The list can be supplemented except by another representative of this group - saxophone.

Saxophone is rarely used in a symphony orchestra. He is often played in a brass band. It has a powerful sound. This is one of the central instruments in jazz and pop music. Has a melodious timbre. From a technical point of view, very mobile. It reaches from 15 centimeters to 2 meters. The saxophone is made of copper, and this is another proof that the name of woodwinds does not always match the material from which they are made.

The main varieties of the saxophone

Soprano saxophone. Can be straight or curved. Not recommended for beginners. Has a piercing and strong timbre.

Alto saxophone or classical saxophone. A curved, often used kind of instrument. Recommended for those who are just starting to learn the game. Has the smallest mouthpiece. It is endowed with a bright and expressive timbre. Basically it is a solo instrument.

Tenor saxophone. This species is used more often in jazz. Its size, the size of the mouthpiece, holes and rods is larger than that of the alto saxophone. Has a raucous, juicy timbre. It's easier to play technically complicated passages.

Baritone saxophone. It is the largest in size, therefore the most vulnerable to damage. Has a dense and strong timbre.

The range of any saxophone is two and a half octaves. With good technical preparation it is possible to extract higher notes.

Bagpipes

Bagpipe is a kind of traditional wind instrument. In appearance, the bagpipe is a leather bag, covered with fur and filled with air. Several wooden pipes are inserted into it. One of the tubes has holes, a melody plays on it, the other (less in size) serves to inject air. The rest provide continuous sounding of several sounds, the height of which remains unchanged. Has a strong piercing sound. Bagpipe is accompanied by the performance of many European (and not only) folk dances.

Thus, wooden wind instruments are different genre, with different timbre and range, used in various musical compositions of instruments.